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 The mucous membranes are visually assessed; normal membranes are pink.

 Pale membranes (pale pink to whitish) may be due to poor cardiac output/poor perfusion and/or anemia.

 Dark membranes (deep pink, red, brown, purple) may be due to poor perfusion, vascular congestion, septicemia, and/or toxemia.

 Bluish membranes may indicate poor perfusion.

 Yellow membranes occur with elevated bilirubin concentrations (icterus/jaundice). Horses with reduced feed intake often have a mild yellow component to the membrane color. Icterus also occurs to a more severe extent with hemolysis (intravascular or extravascular) or with liver disease.

 Hemorrhagic membranes may present as “pinpoint” to “expansive” lesions (petechiae to ecchymosis). These may occur with thrombocytopenia, coagulopathies or microangiopathies.