Читать книгу Climate Impacts on Sustainable Natural Resource Management - Группа авторов - Страница 17

At the COP 15–2009 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Indonesia voluntarily agreed to reduce emissions by 26% and up to 41% with international support by 2020. This commitment was submitted as Indonesia's Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMA) in 2010 (Indonesia 2013). Since the commitment, Indonesia made some policies, including Presidential Regulation No. 61 of 2011 (Indonesia 2011b) on the national action plan of REDD+ and Presidential Regulation No. 71 of 2011 on the implementation of the National GHG inventory (Indonesia 2011c). Those regulations mandate different government bodies to provide national, local, and corporate GHG inventories annually. Based on its nationally determined contribution (NDC) submitted to the UNFCCC on September 24, 2015 (Indonesia 2016), Indonesia committed to reducing GHG emissions by 29% under BAU (business as usual) scenario by 2030 unconditionally, and up to 41% conditionally. To meet the objective, Indonesia recognizes the requirement for consolidating both methods and data sources to guarantee a high degree of precision.

The study area, East Kalimantan, is one of the target provinces for REDD+ initiatives in Indonesia. This provincial government has also developed an action plan for reducing emissions (East Kalimantan 2013), REDD+ strategy (East Kalimantan 2012), and part of Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF). FCPF is a global partnership of governments, businesses, civil society, and indigenous peoples (IP), focused on reducing GHG emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, forest carbon stock conservation, SFM, and the enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries (FCPF 2017). Furthermore, this province is also working through close support from civil society and the private sector, which have joined with the government to launch a Green Growth Compact (GGC) by the end of 2017. This initiative has two interrelated targets: to reduce deforestation by at least 80% by 2025 and to increase economic growth by 8% by 2030 (TNC 2016). Also, East Kalimantan was hosting some REDD+ demonstration projects managed by international NGOs and donors. However, further effort should be integrated within official government climate mitigation measures (East Kalimantan 2011a).

This study therefore aimed to estimate annual GHG emissions in East Kalimantan based on the yearly land cover maps derived from satellite data between 2000 and 2016, to determine the historical (2000–2010) and the REDD+ progress (2010–2016) baseline of GHG emissions, and to predict the future trajectories of GHG emissions for 2020 and 2030. Furthermore, 2010 was chosen as the base year for comparing emissions before and after the REDD+ commitment. Also, Indonesia's NDC target in 2030 was selected as the end period of future trajectories.