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The emission factor for land cover changes is defined as the stock difference in carbon between two land cover classes (Santosa et al. 2014). The reference for carbon stock estimation for each land cover class was required to calculate carbon stock differences and GHG emissions from the land‐based sector at a specific location. For each land cover class, the reference was generated from research related to above‐ground biomass for specific sites. For forest cover classes, data references were developed from the average of above‐ground biomass in the forest areas (Hairiah et al. 2011). For cropland and agricultural land covered with regular cycles of planting and harvesting, carbon stock references were developed from the time average of above‐ground biomass (Agus et al. 2013a).

The provincial and district are supported to develop the highest carbon stock estimation that accurately illustrated the circumstances. If reference data is available at the province level, the carbon stock in the various districts within the province can be used to represent the emission factor. If it is not available, data can be used from the national level (Santosa et al. 2014). Table 1.1 shows land cover classes and their carbon stocks for estimating GHG emissions that were used for devising the local action plan for REDD+ in East Kalimantan.

Table 1.1 Land cover classes and their carbon stocks for estimating carbon emissions from land‐based sectors.

Land cover type	Carbon stock (tC ha–1)	Reference; remarks
Forest	Dryland	Primary	195	MoF 2008; Agus et al. 2013b
Secondary	169
Mangrove	Primary	170	MoF 2008; Agus et al. 2013b; Krisnawati et al. 2014
Secondary	120
Swamp	Primary	196	MoF 2008, Agus et al. 2013a,b
Secondary	155
Artificial/Plantation forest	64	Agus et al. 2013b; MoF 2008; Verstegen et al. 2019
Non‐forest	Agriculture	Pure dry	8	East Kalimantan 2013
Mixed dry	10	East Kalimantan 2013
Rice field	5	Rahayu et al. 2005; East Kalimantan 2013,
Estate cropland	63	Agus et al. 2013b; Verstegen et al. 2019
Aquaculture	0	Agus et al. 2013b
Shrubland	Dry	15	Prasetyo and Saito 2000; East Kalimantan 2013
Wet	15	Prasetyo and Saito 2000; East Kalimantan 2013
Savanna and grasses	4.5	Rahayu et al. 2005; Agus et al. 2013b
Open swamp	0	Agus et al. 2013b
Open water	0	East Kalimantan 2013
Transmigration areas	10	Agus et al. 2013b – assuming 30% of the area was used for agriculture
Settlement areas	1	East Kalimantan 2013 –assuming less vegetation
Port and harbor	5	East Kalimantan 2013
Mining areas	0	Agus et al. 2013b
Bare ground	0	Prasetyo and Saito 2000; East Kalimantan 2013
Cloud	0	East Kalimantan 2013