Читать книгу Renewable Energy for Sustainable Growth Assessment - Группа авторов - Страница 102

Anaerobic digestion seems to be a readily available renewable energy source extracted from organic energy sources under anaerobic conditions. Biogas conversion into energy is the traditional method, but it is still used as bio-CNG in India. In 2020, the production and reach of biogas’ transformation to power in Punjab in India were first explored by Singh et al. [121]. India is the third-largest power consumer and the emitting nation of greenhouse gases. Among all the states in India, Punjab is the country’s largest biomass producer [121]. For energy production, Punjab has much organic waste (animal waste, livestock, and household waste) from largescale biogas power plants that are more feasible and environmentally sustainable. In India, residues of crops, animal manure, and urban solid waste, municipal and industrial effluent are significant contributors to biogas generation. The biogas capacity is projected to range from 310 to 655 billion m³ per year based on various resources in the year 2040. Implementation of low-cost biogas (household biogas unit) anaerobic digestion technology for integrated waste management and energy production achieves renewable energy growth, solves rural problems, and high-quality biofertilizers through the management and stabilization of organic waste [122]. CH₄, CO₂, and N₂ were the major biogas compositions [65].

The production of energy from biogas has had a smaller impact on climate change than the current power mix. To avoid this impact and improve bioenergy’s environmental sustainability, Lijó et al. [63] suggested that relevant guidelines should be created to achieve harmonized lire cycle studies. Activated persulfate is a potent oxidant that enhances the production of biogas by enhancing organic hydrolysis. There are three types of activation for persulfate activation, including heating, lighting, and ultrasonication [65]. Waste biomass by dark fermentation processes produces H₂ gas [113, 123]. In integrated systems incorporating microbial electrolysis cells, H₂ production is combined with waste treatment. H₂ gas is commonly used in the chemical industry and fuel cell vehicles [123]. The commercialization of H₂ gas fuel, production costs are the main problems.