Читать книгу Renewable Energy for Sustainable Growth Assessment - Группа авторов - Страница 103

Liquid biofuels, through a range of technical processing pathways, each with distinct properties, produce several different fuels from organic materials. Biofuels’ development involves ethanol and biodiesel production from feedstocks such as cereals, carbohydrates, petroleum crops, and urban waste [124]. There is a tremendous opportunity for other biofuels dependent on cellulosic feedstocks, diverse waste sources, and algae in the future. Though some of these are currently in the industry’s early commercial stage, most of these emerging developments remain in the pre-commercial period [124]. Bioethanol is known to be an environmentally friendly gasoline [44]. In 2017, biofuels of 138 billion liters were produced. Of global biofuel production, 62% was for bioethanol derived from sugar crops (sugarcane, maize). Bioethanol production continues to be dominated by the USA and Brazil, with the region accounting for 87% of the global output [124]. Bioethanol derived from biomass were blended after testing corrosion resistance in the following proportions: E5 (5%), E10 (10%), E20 (20%) and E85 (85%) [125]. These proportions support the use of blended gasoline in renewable technology. Biodiesel has similar chemical and physical properties to diesel, and an eventually reduced carbon state, sustainable conventional gasoline [126]. Mohadesi et al. [99] developed biodiesel from low-cost bio-waste for fuel preparation, including potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a microreactor stimulant by transesterification process. Srikanth et al. [100] showed that the use of acetone (ACE) and diethyl ether (DEE) increased the production of biodiesel through dairy washed milk scum (DWMS) from industrial dairy waste. The food-based biomass did not reach the bioenergy crisis because of certain disadvantages. The researchers, therefore, focused on producing biodiesel from microalgae [127].