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Diazepam can be administered alone to produce dose‐dependent CNS depression from mild sedation to recumbency for 15–30 minutes. The tranquilizing effects of diazepam in healthy animals tend to be variable and somewhat unreliable [10]. Doses from 0.55 to 1.1 mg/kg IM have been recommended for use in ruminants and swine [137]. Diazepam at 0.2 mg/kg IV has been used to produce mild tranquilization for performing a transdermal tracheal wash [10]. Diazepam (0.1 mg/kg IV) has been administered with xylazine (0.2 mg/kg IV) to a bull to produce immobilization for wire placement during mandibular fracture repair. No additional local anesthetic was needed during the wiring process. The duration of deep sedation was 30 minutes and the bull stood within an hour after administration of the drugs [138]. Diazepam (0.1 mg/kg IV) and butorphanol (0.1 mg/kg IV) induce recumbency for a short period of time in camelids [139].

Midazolam (0.2 mg/kg IV) was able to reduce the response of sheep to painful mechanical stimulation [130]. In goats, IM midazolam (0.6 mg/kg) induced 20 minutes of sedation. Hypnosis with recumbency occurred and lasted for 10–20 minutes when midazolam was administered intravenously at 0.6 and 1.2 mg/kg. Increasing the dose to 1.2 mg/kg enhanced the degree of reflex suppression, and the animals appeared to be in a light plane of anesthesia as indicated by the lack of response to mechanical stimulation applied using the tail base clamp [140]. In goats with urethral obstruction, when the effect of increasing the urine output of xylazine is contraindicated, diazepam or midazolam can be given alone or with other anesthetics to induce anesthesia. Flumazenil, a benzodiazepine antagonist, can be administered at 0.02 mg/kg IV or a 1 : 13 ratio (1 part of flumazenil to 13 parts of diazepam) to antagonize the CNS effects of diazepam and midazolam [10].