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Diazepam has been given to miniature pigs at doses from 5.5 to 8.5 mg/kg IM with maximal sedation occurring within 30 minutes following administration [22]. Prolonged recovery has occurred when large doses of diazepam are given intramuscularly to older sows and boars. A continuous rate infusion (CRI) of diazepam (CRI: 1 mg/kg/hour IV, following 0.5–10 mg/kg IM and 0.44–2 mg/kg IV) has been used in pigs to maintain long‐term hypnosis and sedation for up to 6 hours in a research setting [141, 142]. Satisfactory sedation with 0.1–0.5 mg/kg of midazolam IM has been reported [18], whereas a calming effect and sedation occur within 3–4 minutes following intranasal administration of 0.2–0.4 mg/kg of the drug [143]. In piglets and adult swine, midazolam administered either intramuscularly or intranasally at 0.1–0.2 mg/kg produced effective tranquilization [143, 144]. Midazolam (1 mg/kg IM) has been combined with azaperone (4 mg/kg IM) to produce preanesthetic tranquilization prior to induction with propofol [145]. Midazolam in general has minimal cardiopulmonary effects. However, it has been shown to cause a 20% decrease in heart rate and 50% decrease in respiratory rate in pigs receiving 0.1 mg/kg IM of midazolam [144].