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11 11 Mayhew IG. Collection of cerebrospinal fluid from the horse. Cornell Vet 1975; 65: 500–511.

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22 22 Pease A, Behan A and Bohart G. Ultrasound‐guided cervical centesis to obtain cerebrospinal fluid in the standing horse. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2012; 53(1): 92–95.

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25 25 Chidlow H, Giguère S, Camus M, et al. Comparison of 2 collection methods for cerebrospinal fluid analysis from standing, sedate adult horses. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34: 972–978.

26 26 Shamir SK, Hagen CRM, Foley PM, et al. Effects of stylet‐in versus stylet‐out collection of cerebrospinal fluid from the cisterna magna on contamination of samples, sample quality, and collection time. Am J Vet Res 2019; 80(8): 787–791.

27 27 Brosnan RJ, LeCouteur RA, Steffey EP, Imai A and Kortz GD. Direct measurement of intracranial pressure in adult horses. Am J Vet Res 2002; 63(9): 1252–1256.

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29 29 Amle DB and Koner BC. Use of red vacutainer for collection of CSF causes falsely high estimation of proteins by pyrogallol red method. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 444: 62–65.

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31 31 Miller MM, Sweeney CR, Russell GE, Sheetz RM and Morrow JK. Effects of blood contamination of cerebrospinal fluid on western blot analysis for detection of antibodies against Sarcocystis neurona and on albumin quotient and immunoglobulin G index in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999; 215(1): 67–71.

32 32 Srinivasan L, Shah SS, Abbasi S, Padula MA and Harris MC. Traumatic lumbar punctures in infants hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2013; 32(10): 1150–1152.

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34 34 Sweeney CR and Russell GE. Differences in total protein concentration, nucleated cell count, and red blood cell count among sequential samples of cerebrospinal fluid from horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000; 217(1): 54–57.

35 35 Chidlow H, Giguere S, Camus M, et al. The effect of prior thecal puncture on cerebrospinal fluid analytes in normal adult horses. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34(5): 2117–2121.

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38 38 Witonsky S, Morrow JK, Leger C, et al. Sarcocystis neurona‐specific immunoglobulin G in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of horses administered S neurona vaccine. J Vet Intern Med 2004; 18(1): 98–103.

39 39 Porter MB, Long M, Gosche DG, et al. Immunoglobulin M‐capture enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay testing of cerebrospinal fluid and serum from horses exposed to west nile virus by vaccination or natural infection. J Vet Intern Med 2004; 18(6): 866–870.

40 40 Hoane JS, Morrow JK, Saville WJ, et al. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays for detection of equine antibodies specific to Sarcocystis neurona surface antigens. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2005; 12(9): 1050–1056.

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43 43 Johnson AL, Johnstone LK and Stefanovski D. Cerebrospinal fluid Lyme multiplex assay results are not diagnostic in horses with neuroborreliosis. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32(2): 832–838.

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47 47 Creevy KE, Gagnepain JE, Platt SR, Edwards GL and Kent M. Comparison of concentrations of gamma‐aminobutyric acid and glutamate in cerebrospinal fluid of dogs with idiopathic epilepsy with and without seizure‐related magnetic resonance imaging hyperintense areas in the limbic system. Am J Vet Res 2013; 74(8): 1118–1125.

48 48 Smyth GB, Vaughn DM and Firschmeyer KJ. Neurotransmitters in atlanto‐occipital cerebrospinal fluid of normal foals. Prog Vet Neurol 1994; 5(1): 13–18.

49 49 Vaughn DM, Smyth GB, Whitmer WL and Satjawatcharaphong C. Analysis of equine cisterna magna cerebrospinal fluid for the presence of some monoamine neutrotransmitters and transmitter metabolites. Vet Res Comm 1989; 13(3): 237–249.

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52 52 Bijleveld K and Hartman W. Electromyographic studies in calves with spastic paresis. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 1976; 101(14): 805–808.

53 53 Mayhew IG, deLahunta A, Whitlock RH, Krook L and Tasker JB. Spinal cord disease in the horse. Cornell Vet 1978; 68 Suppl 6: 1–207.

54 54 Reed SM, Hegreberg GA, Bayly WM, et al. Progressive myotonia in foals resembling human dystrophia myotonica. Muscle Nerve 1988; 11(4): 291–296.

55 55 Huntington PJ, Seneque S, Slocombe RF, et al. Use of phenytoin to treat horses with Australian stringhalt. Aust Vet J 1991; 68(7): 221–224.

56 56 Madigan JE, Valberg SJ, Ragle C and Moody JL. Muscle spasms associated with ear tick (Otobius megnini) infestations in five horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1995; 207(1): 74–76.

57 57 Nollet H, Vanderstraeten G, Sustronck B, et al. Suspected case of stiff‐horse syndrome. Vet Rec 2000; 146(10): 282–284.

58 58 Wijnberg ID, Back W and Van der Kolk JH. (The use of electromyographic examination as a diagnostic tool and phenytoin sodium as treatment in a case of classic springhalt in a Dutch warmblood horse). Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 2000; 125(24): 743–747.

59 59 Montagna P, Liguori R, Monari L, et al. Equine muscular dystrophy with myotonia. Clin Neurophysiol 2001; 112(2): 294–299.

60 60 Wijnberg ID, Franssen H, Jansen GH, et al. The role of quantitative electromyography (EMG) in horses suspected of acute and chronic grass sickness. Equine Vet J 2006; 38(3): 230–237.

61 61 Jose‐Cunilleras E and Wijnberg ID. Quantitative motor unit action potential analysis of supraspinatus, infraspinatus, deltoideus and biceps femoris muscles in adult Royal Dutch sport horses. Equine Vet J 2016; 48(2): 234–239.

62 62 Wijnberg ID and Franssen H. The potential and limitations of quantitative electromyography in equine medicine. Vet J 2016; 209: 23–31.

63 63 Rochais C, Sébilleau M, Menoret M, et al. Attentional state and brain processes: state‐dependent lateralization of EEG profiles in horses. Sci Rep 2018; 8: 10153.

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67 67 Cousillas H, Oger M, Rochais C, et al. An ambulatory electroencephalography system for freely moving horses: An innovating approach. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4: 57.

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69 69 Strain GM, Olcott BM and Braun WF, Jr. Electroencephalogram and evoked potentials in naturally occurring scrapie in sheep. Am J Vet Res 1986; 47(4): 828–836.

70 70 Wijnberg ID, Back W, de Jong M, et al. The role of electromyography in clinical diagnosis of neuromuscular locomotor problems in the horse. Equine Vet J 2004; 36(8): 718–722.

71 71 Wrzosek M, Niezwiedz A, Giza E, Borowicz and Nicpon J. Auditory brainstem evoked response (BAER) in the diagnosis of nervous system diseases in horses. Medycyna Weterynaryjna 2012; 68(9): 557–561.

72 72 Konold T, Phelan LJ, Cawthraw S, et al. Abnormalities in brainstem auditory evoked potentials in sheep with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies and lack of a clear pathological relationship. Front Vet Sci 2016; 3: 60.

73 73 Aleman M, Spriet M, Williams DC and Nieto JE. Neurologic deficits including auditory loss and recovery of function in horses with temporohyoid osteoarthropathy. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30(1): 282–288.

74 74 Aleman M, Madigan JE, Williams DC and Holliday TA. Brainstem auditory evoked responses in an equine patient population. Part II ‐ foals. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28(4): 1318–1324.

75 75 Aleman M, Holliday TA, Nieto JE and Williams DC. Brainstem auditory evoked responses in an equine patient population. Part I ‐ adult horses. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28(4): 1310–1317.

76 76 Wilson WJ, Mills PC and Dzulkarnain AA. Use of BAER to identify loss of auditory function in older horses. Aust Vet J 2011; 89(3): 73–76.

77 77 Arai S, Matsui Y, Fukuda S, Okada H and Onoe S. Brainstem auditory evoked potentials in experimentally‐induced bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Res Vet Sci 2009; 87(1): 111–114.

78 78 Webb AA, Cullen CL and Lamont LA. Brainstem auditory evoked responses and ophthalmic findings in llamas and alpacas in Eastern Canada. Can Vet J 2006; 47(1): 74–77.

79 79 Strain GM, Tedford BL and Gill MS. Brainstem auditory evoked potentials and flash visual evoked potentials in Vietnamese miniature pot‐bellied pigs. Res Vet Sci 2006; 80(1): 91–95.

80 80 Harland MM, Stewart AJ, Marshall AE and Belknap EB. Diagnosis of deafness in a horse by brainstem auditory evoked potential. Can Vet J 2006; 47(2): 151–154.

81 81 Mayhew IG. The clinical utility of brainstem auditory evoked response testing in horses. Equine Vet Educ 2003; 15: 27–33.

82 82 Ström L, Bröjer J and Ekesten B. Variability, repeatability and test‐retest reliability of equine flash visual evoked potentials (FVEPs). BMC Vet Res 2020; 16(1): 261.

83 83 Strom L, Michanek M and Ekesten B. Age‐associated changes in the equine flash visual evoked potential. Vet Ophthalmol 2019; 22(4): 388–397.

84 84 Aleman M, Crowe C, Dechant J, Bellone RR and Avila, F. Brainstem auditory evoked responses and bone conduction assessment in alpacas. Res Vet Sci 2021; 136: 297–302.

85 85 Journée SL, Journée HL, Berends HI, et al. Comparison of muscle MEPs from transcranial magnetic and electrical stimulation and appearance of reflexes in horses. Front Neurosci 2020; 14(994).

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93 93 Lakritz J, Barr BC, George LW, et al. Cervical and thoracic vertebral malformation (“weak neck”) in Colombia lambs. J Vet Intern Med 1995; 9(6): 393–398.

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108 108 Veraa S, Bergmann W, van den Belt AJ, Wijnberg I and Back W. ex vivo computed tomographic evaluation of morphology variations in equine cervical vertebrae. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2016; 57(5): 482–488.

109 109 Beccati F, Santinelli I, Nannarone S and Pepe M. Influence of neck position on commonly performed radiographic measurements of the cervical vertebral region in horses. Am J Vet Res 2018; 79(10): 1044–1049.

110 110 Janes JG, Garrett KS, McQuerry KJ, et al. Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging with standing cervical radiographs for evaluation of vertebral canal stenosis in equine cervical stenotic myelopathy. Equine Vet J 2014; 46(6): 681–686.

111 111 Schmidt SP, Forsythe WB, Cowgill HM and Myers RK. A case of congenital occipitoatlantoaxial malformation (OAAM) in a lamb. J Vet Diagn Invest 1993; 5(3): 458–462.

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114 114 Beech J. Metrizamide myelography in the horse. J Am Vet Rad Soc 1979; 20: 22–31.

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116 116 Nyland TG, Blythe LL, Pool RR, Helphrey MG and O'Brien TR. Metrizamide myelography in the horse: clinical, radiographic, and pathologic changes. Am J Vet Res 1980; 41(2): 204–211.

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118 118 Bargai U. Myelography in neonatal bovine calves. Vet Radiol Ultra 1993; 34(1): 20–23.

119 119 Audigie F, Tapprest J, Didierlaurent D and Denoix JM. Ultrasound‐guided atlanto‐occipital puncture for myelography in the horse. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2004; 45(4): 340–344.

120 120 Tomizawa N, Nishimura R, Sasaki N, et al. Efficacy of the new radiographic measurement method for cervical vertebral instability in wobbling foals. J Vet Med Sci 1994; 56(6): 1119–1122.

121 121 Van Biervliet J, Scrivani PV, Divers TJ, et al. Evaluation of a diagnostic criterion for spinal cord compression during cervical myelography in horses. Am Col Vet Int Med Forum 2002.

122 122 Widmer WR, Blevins WE, Jakovljevic S, et al. A prospective clinical trial comparing metrizamide and iohexol for equine myelography. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1998; 39(2): 106–109.

123 123 Scrivani PV, Barthez PY, Leveille R, Schrader SC and Reed SM. Subdural injection of contrast medium during cervical myelography. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1997; 38(4): 267–271.

124 124 Van Biervliet J, Flaminio J, Divers T, et al. The febrile response after cervical myelography in the horse: a retrospective analysis and experimental study. Am Col Vet Int Med Forum 2004 .

125 125 Foley JP, Gatlin SJ and Selcer BA. Standing myelography in six adult horses. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1986; 27: 54–57.

126 126 Nixon AJ and Stashak TS. Laminectomy for relief of atlantoaxial subluxation in four horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1988; 193(6): 677–682.

127 127 Papageorges M, Gavin PR, Sande RD, Barbee DD and Grant BD. Radiographic and myelographic examination of the cervical vertebral column in 306 ataxic horses. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1987; 28(2): 53–59.

128 128 Van Biervliet J. Value of contrast radiography in the assessment of cervical spinal lesions. Brit Eq Vet Assoc Congress 2004.

129 129 Walmsley JP. Surgical treatment of cervical spinal cord compression in horses: a European experience. Eq Vet Edu 2005; 17(1): 39–43.

130 130 Hudson NPH and Mayhew IG. Radiographic and myelographic assessment of the equine cervical vertebral column and spinal cord. Eq Vet Edu 2005; 17(1): 34–38.

131 131 Hahn CN, Handel I, Bronsvoort BM, Green SL and Mayhew IG. Assessment of the utility of using intra‐ and intervertebral minimum sagittal diameter ratios in the diagnosis of cervical vertebral malformation in horses. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2006; 499(1): 1–6.

132 132 Hughes KJ, Laidlaw EH, Reed SM, et al. Repeatability and intra‐ and inter‐observer agreement of cervical vertebral sagittal diameter ratios in horses with neurological disease. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28(6): 1860–1870.

133 133 Tomizawa N, Nishimura R, Sasaki N, et al. Relationships between radiography of cervical vertebrae and histopathology of the cervical cord in wobbling 19 foals. J Vet Med Sci 1994; 56(2): 227–233.

134 134 Mayhew IG and Green SL. Radiographic diagnosis of equine cervical vertebral malformation. Am Col Vet Int Med Forum 2002; ACVIM.

135 135 Wong D, Miles K and Sponseller B. Congenital scoliosis in a quarter horse filly. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2006; 47(3): 279–282.

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137 137 Pease AP, van Biervliet J, Dykes NL, Divers TJ and Ducharme NG. Complication of partial stylohyoidectomy for treatment of temporohyoid osteoarthropathy and an alternative surgical technique in three cases. Equine Vet J 2004; 36(6): 546–550.

138 138 Walker AM, Sellon DC, Cornelisse CJ, et al. Temporohyoid osteoarthropathy in 33 horses (1993–2000). J Vet Intern Med 2002; 16(6): 697–703.

139 139 Tietje S, Becker M and Bockenhoff G. Computed tomographic evaluation of head diseases in the horse: 15 cases. Equine Vet J 1996; 28(2): 98–105.

140 140 Gough SL, Anderson JDC and Dixon JJ. Computed tomographic cervical myelography in horses: Technique and findings in 51 clinical cases. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34(5): 2142–2151.

141 141 Lindgren C, Wright L, Kristoffersen M, et al. Computed tomography and myelography of the equine cervical spine: 180 cases (2013–2018). Equine Vet Edu 2021; 33(9): 475–483.

142 142 Allen JR, Barbee DD, Boulton CR, et al. Brain abscess in a horse: diagnosis by computed tomography and successful surgical treatment. Equine Vet J 1987; 19(6): 552–555.

143 143 Gonzalez D, Rodriguez‐Carbajal J, Aluja A and Flisser A. Cerebral cysticercosis in pigs studied by computed tomography and necropsy. Vet Parasitol 1987; 26(1–2): 55–69.

144 144 Cudd TA, Mayhew IG and Cottrill CM. Agenesis of the corpus callosum with cerebellar vermian hypoplasia in a foal resembling the Dandy‐Walker syndrome: pre‐mortem diagnosis by clinical evaluation and CT scanning. Equine Vet J 1989; 21(5): 378–381.

145 145 Woods PR, Walker MA, Weir VA, et al. Computed tomography of Rambouillet sheep affected with neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Vet Radiol Ultra 1993; 34: 259.

146 146 Wallace MA, Crisman MV, Pickett JP, Carrig CB and Sponenburg DP. Central blindness associated with a pituitary adenoma in a horse. Equine Practice 1996; 18(8): 8–13.

147 147 Gerros TC, Mattoon JS and Snyder SP. Use of computed tomography in the diagnosis of a cerebral abscess in a goat. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1998; 39(4): 322–324.

148 148 Vink‐Nooteboom M, Junker K, Van den Ingh TS and Dik KJ. Computed tomography of cholesterinic granulomas in the choroid plexus of horses. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1998; 39(6): 512–516.

149 149 Van Hoogmoed L, Yarbrough TB, Lecouteur RA and Hornof WJ. Surgical repair of a thoracic meningocele in a foal. Vet Surg 1999; 28(6): 496–500.

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