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John Knight
Understanding Anatomy and Physiology in Nursing
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Understanding Anatomy & Physiology in Nursing
Страница 5
Contents
Страница 7
About the authors
Introduction
Chapter 1 Cellular physiology and histology Chapter aims
Introduction Case study: Josie – breast cancer
Regions of a cell
The nucleus
Appearance of chromosomes during cell division
Activity 1.1 Reflection
The cytoplasm and cytoplasmic organelles
The Golgi apparatus
Mitochondria
The plasma (cell) membrane
The glycocalyx
Case study: Jack – organ transplant rejection
Membrane transport
Simple diffusion
Activity 1.2 Team working
Facilitated diffusion
Active transport
Osmosis
Isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic
Activity 1.3 Evidence-based practice and research
Dehydration
Activity 1.4 Evidence-based practice and research
Water intoxication (water toxaemia)
Other forms of membrane transport
Phagocytosis
Exocytosis
Pinocytosis
Histology
The nature of epithelial tissue
The simple epithelia Simple squamous epithelium
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Simple columnar epithelium
Stratified epithelium Stratified squamous epithelium
Pseudostratified epithelium
Transitional epithelium
Prokaryotic cells
Case study: Mary – sepsis evidence-based practice
Cells as targets for drugs
Case study: Josie revisited – breast cancer evidence-based practice
Activity 1.5 Multiple-choice questions
Activities: Brief outline answers Activity 1.1: Reflection (page 8)
Activity 1.2: Team working (page 14)
Activity 1.3: Evidence-based practice and research (page 18)
Activity 1.4: Evidence-based practice and research (page 19)
Activity 1.5: Multiple-choice questions (pages 28–30)
Further reading
Useful websites
Chapter 2 Homeostasis Chapter aims
Introduction Case study: Ian – type II diabetes
Homeostasis
Negative feedback mechanisms
Requirements for negative feedback
Homeostatic control of blood glucose
Hyper and hypo prefixes
Activity 2.1 Evidence-based practice and research
Regulation of body temperature: thermoregulation
Increased body temperature (hyperthermia)
Low body temperature (hypothermia)
Case study: Grace – hypothermia
Activity 2.2 Evidence-based practice and research
Pyrexia: the fever response
Case study: Prisha – tonsillitis
Positive feedback
Activity 2.3 Multiple-choice questions
Activities: Brief outline answers Activity 2.1: Evidence-based practice and research (page 36)
Activity 2.2: Evidence-based practice and research (page 40)
Activity 2.3: Multiple-choice questions (pages 43–4)
Further reading
Useful websites
Chapter 3 The cardiovascular system Chapter aims
Introduction Case study: George – myocardial infarction
Overview of the cardiovascular system
Heart structure and function Position of heart within the thorax
The pericardium
Pericarditis, pericardial effusions and cardiac tamponade
Layers of the heart
Internal structure of the heart
Atria
Ventricles
Pulmonary and systemic circuits of blood
Activity 3.1 Research and revision
The beating heart
Bradycardia and tachycardia
Systole and diastole
The cardiac cycle
Cardiac muscle
The cardiac conductive system of the heart
The ECG (electrocardiogram)
Electrical waves and time intervals viewable on an ECG
Clinical uses of ECG machines
Cardiac arrhythmias
Changes to the cardiac conductive system
Ectopic beats
Atrial fibrillation (AF)
Case study: Gerald – atrial fibrillation
Activity 3.2 Communication
Ventricular fibrillation (VF)
Blood vessels: the vasculature
Arteries
Capillaries
Haemodynamics of the capillary bed: filtration and the formation of interstitial (tissue) fluid
The role of lymphatic vessels
Veins
Immobility and hospital bed rest
Peripheral oedema
The coronary circulation
Coronary artery disease (CAD)
CAD and angina pectoris
CAD and myocardial infarction (MI)
Case study: Gloria – peripheral oedema
Activity 3.3 Critical thinking
Blood pressure
Control of BP
Neural control of BP
The baroreceptor responses
Case study: Janet – postural hypotension
Activity 3.4 Evidence-based practice and research
Hormonal control of blood pressure
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Physiological actions of ADH
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Adrenaline (epinephrine)
Cardiovascular effects of adrenaline
The renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS)
Biochemical steps in the RAAS
Activity 3.5 Multiple-choice questions
Activities: Brief outline answers Activity 3.1: Research and revision (page 55)
Activity 3.2: Communication (page 63)
Activity 3.3: Critical thinking (page 70)
Activity 3.4: Evidence-based practice and research (page 73)
Activity 3.5: Multiple-choice questions (pages 77–9)
Further reading
Useful websites
Chapter 4 The respiratory system
Chapter aims
Case study: Jake – asthma
Introduction
Functions of the respiratory system
Overview of the respiratory system
The upper respiratory tract The nose and nasal cavity
The paranasal sinuses
The pharynx
Case study: Jack – obstructive sleep apnoea
The larynx (voice box)
Case study: Phillip – dysphagia
The lower respiratory tract The tracheobronchial tree
The trachea
The carina
The primary bronchi
Bronchioles
The conduction zone
The respiratory zone
Alveoli
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