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A relatively new distinction in MS approaches is the notion of opportunity, or opportunities as a parallel consideration of risk. While early approaches focused only on risk (if not by name, by idea or context) identification, assessment, control, mitigation, etc. – requirements to consider opportunities for improvement were not explicitly addressed. Consideration of opportunities is mandated in ISO's high‐level MSS, and as such, it is found in ISO 45001:2018 as “OH&S opportunities.” ISO's risk management activities (ISO 31000:2009) supported an expanded view in considering opportunities, as it states (§5.4.2) “it is important to identify the risks associated with not pursuing an opportunity.”

ISO 45001:2018 defines OH&S opportunity (3.22) as “circumstance or set of circumstances that can lead to improvement of OH&S performance,” (36) and in its Annex (A.6.1.1) a robust bundle of examples of opportunities to improve OH&S performance.

From a systems‐thinking perspective and the iceberg model presented in Figure 1, inclusion of OH&S opportunities into the OHSMS vernacular with ISO 45001:2018 is a significant advancement as it nudges industrial hygienists and OH&S professionals to think more broadly than simply in terms of hazards and risks, and their immediate control. That is, as seen in Table 1, the idea of “opportunities” promotes actions like increased worker participation, as well as integration of OH&S activities with an organization's business processes. Over time, distinctions, ideas, etc. like this (opportunity and opportunities) impact mental models, and hence actions.

FIGURE 3 Risk matrix example.

TABLE 1 Examples of opportunities to improve OH&S performance in ISO 45001:2018.

“Inspection and auditing functions;Job hazard analysis (job safety analysis) and task‐related assessments;Improving OH&S performance by alleviating monotonous work or work at a potentially hazardous predetermined work rate;Permit to work and other recognition and control methods;Incident or nonconformity investigations and corrective actions;Ergonomic and other injury prevention‐related assessments.

Examples other opportunities to improve OH&S performance:

Integrating occupational health and safety requirements at the earliest stage in the life cycle of facilities, equipment or process planning for facilities relocation, process re‐design or replacement of machinery and plant;Integrating occupational health and safety requirements at the earliest stage of planning for facilities relocation, process re‐design or replacement of machinery and plant;Using new technologies to improve OH&S performance;Improving the occupational health and safety culture, such as by extending competence related to occupational health and safety beyond requirements or encouraging workers to report incidents in a timely manner;Improving the visibility of top management's support for the OH&S management system;Enhancing the incident investigation process(es);Improving the process(es) for worker consultation and participation;Benchmarking, including consideration of the organization's own past performance and that of other organizations;Collaborating in forums that focus on topics dealing with occupational health and safety (37).

More on OH&S opportunities follows below when addressing aspects of ISO 45001:2015 in Section 5.