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Worker consultation and participation guidance and requirements are nested throughout ISO 45001:2018. The standard defines consultation (§3.5) as “seeking views before making a decision,” and participation (§3.4) as “involvement in decision making” (52). In this section (§5.4), consultation and participation requirements are broadly summed up as “the organization shall establish, implement, and maintain a process(es) for consultation and participation of workers at all applicable levels and functions, and, where they exist, workers' representatives, in the development, planning, implementation, performance evaluation and actions for improvement of the OH&S management system” (53). Key here is providing time, training, and resources, as well as removing barriers for effective participation. Clause §5.4.d requires “emphasiz[ing] the consultation of non‐managerial workers” in a range of activities, including: OH&S policy (d.2); assigning organizational roles, responsibilities, and authorities as applicable (d.3); planning, establishing, implementing, and maintaining an audit program (d.8); and others. In like fashion, clause 5.4.e requires “emphasiz[ing] the participation of non‐managerial workers” in a range of activities, including: identifying hazards and assessing risks and opportunities (e.2); determining actions to eliminate hazards and reduce OH&S risks (e.3); investigating incidents and nonconformities and determining corrective actions (e.7); and others (54). These requirements can, in some circumstances, create a challenge where the relationship between workers and employers is regulated by law. That said, the thinking behind emphasizing workers who are often closest to the hazard, is to leverage their direct knowledge and experience in the ways of work, designed vs actual, that impact health and safety risks.