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From the time when systems approaches began to take hold in OH&S management in the 1980s and 1990s, up to the publication of ISO 45001:2018, over 30 different OHSMS approaches were identified in an ILO study (23). The publication of ISO 45001:2018 represented a significant advancement in the OHSMS arena as it contains a bundle of distinctions that expand historic OH&S perspectives (e.g. systems thinking and mental models), and provides a robust tool for industrial hygienists and OH&S professionals to provide sustained value, increased risk resilience, and positive impact to their organizations.

As indicated, attempts to develop an ISO‐based OHSMS began in the mid‐1990s. The ISO group (PC 283) that developed it held its first meeting in October 2013. The group's membership included key liaison organizations and representatives from over 70 countries with a 93% vote in favor of accepting the committee's final document.

ISO's high‐level MSS dictated ISO 45001's overall structure and many of the distinctions and requirements contained with it. A summary of how the high‐level MSS's 10 sections, excluding §2 “normative references” is not included since ISO 45001 contains none, were applied to OH&S in 45001:2018 follows in Sections 5.1–5.9 of this chapter.

In management system parlance a distinction is made between requirements and recommendations (guidance, best‐practice examples, etc.). ISO 45001's requirements are contained in Sections 4–10. Scope and definitions are provided in Sections 1 and 3. Section 2 is titled “normative references” as required by ISO's high‐level MSS. However, ISO 45001 states that “there are no normative references in this document.” ISO 45001's Annex A – “Guidance on the use of this document” – provides “explanatory information [with the intent] to prevent misinterpretation of the requirements contained in” the standard (43). As well, the Annex provides some guidance on interpretation of the requirements that can help with system development and implementation.

ISO 45001's introduction contains background information and rational for the standard, as well as the OHSMS approach in general. It provides the following description of an OHSMSs “aim” (§0.2):

“The purpose of an OH&S management system is to provide a framework for managing OH&S risks and opportunities. The aim and intended outcomes of the OH&S management system are to prevent work‐related injury and ill health to workers and to provide safe and healthy workplaces; consequently, it is critically important for the organization to eliminate hazards and minimize OH&S risks by taking effective preventive and protective measures.

When these measures are applied by the organization through its OH&S management system, they improve its OH&S performance. An OH&S management system can be more effective and efficient when taking early action to address opportunities for improvement of OH&S performance.

Implementing an OH&S management system conforming to this document enables an organization to manage its OH&S risks and improve its OH&S performance. An OH&S management system can assist an organization to fulfil its legal requirements and other requirements” (44).

Implementation success factors are identified in section §0.3 where it is stated that:

“…the implementation of an OH&S management system is a strategic and operational decision for an organization. The success of the OH&S management system depends on leadership, commitment and participation from all levels and functions of the organization” (44).

The plan‐do‐act‐check (PDCA) concept has been central to OHSMS since the earliest approaches. ISO 45001's Figure 1 (presented here as Figure 5) shows the relationship between PDCA and the standard's framework.