Читать книгу Advances in Radiation Therapy - Группа авторов - Страница 13

After having focused on the 3 main pillars of oncology (surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy) and the development of targeted therapies, the oncological field came back to acknowledging the role of the immune system and the efficacy of immunotherapy only recently. Thus, Hanahan and Weinberg [4] added 2 immunological features of enabling capacity and emerging hallmark in their updated review on tumour biology in 2011, namely “tumour promoting inflammation” and “evading immune destruction.” Compartments of the innate immune system, such as M2 polarised macrophages, especially contribute to cancer cell survival, angiogenesis, and invasion [5]. In addition, the release of reactive oxygen species by macrophages has a mutagenic effect which can facilitate genetic evolution [6]. Thus, “tumour promoting inflammation” was classified as an “enabling characteristic.” In contrast “evading immune destruction” was classified as an “emerging hallmark” due to the fact that mice deficient for certain immune compartments are prone to tumour development and tumour growth [7, 8].