Читать книгу Advances in Radiation Therapy - Группа авторов - Страница 20

The development of cancer immunotherapies poses different challenges. Most in vivo chemotherapy and radiotherapy research has been performed with human xenografts in immunodeficient animals or in syngeneic models of mouse tumours. For species-specific immunotherapies, these models are not suitable for preclinical evaluation. In addition, mechanisms of the combination of radiotherapy and immunotherapy might be different to the mechanisms of radiosensitisation through chemotherapy. Th1 cytokines, for example, have been described to induce senescence in cancer cells as a mechanism of response to therapy [48]. In the clinical setting, responses of immunotherapy show slower kinetics than responses to conventional cancer treatments. Pseudoprogression has been observed shortly after the start of treatment [49]. Clinical use of checkpoint inhibitors has revealed a novel spectrum of side effects attributed to autoimmune phenomena, including hypophysitis and colitis [50].