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Immune checkpoint inhibition has not been the first immunotherapeutic approach introduced in the clinic. However, the success of CTLA-4 [12] and PD-1/PD-L1 blockade [13, 14] in advanced melanoma and other cancer entities [15–17] has brought immunotherapy to the attention of the broad oncology community. Immune checkpoints are inhibitory receptors [18, 19], which physiologically function as “brakes” to prevent excessive immune responses to infection or trauma. In the cancer microenvironment, however, immune checkpoints are responsible for dampening anticancer immune responses [20, 21]. Many tumours actively express PD-L1 to escape immune destruction [22, 23]. Besides CTLA-4 and the PD-1 system, there are also other immune checkpoint inhibitors that have been developed during recent years and have entered early phase clinical trials such as LAG-3 and TIM-3 targeting antibodies [24].