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Retrospective Study Design (CKD Stage 1–5 Patients)

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Enrollment criteria were patients who had undergone routine laboratory measurements and transthoracic echocardiography between 1999 and 2009. We enrolled 930 patients with CKD. A retrospective longitudinal study was performed on 109 CKD patients before starting dialysis. Clinical, laboratory, and urine parameters were recorded at baseline and in the follow-up period (21.2 ± 17.9 months). These parameters were compared by calculating the rates of change [(baseline − follow-up)/baseline]. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and institutional guidelines, and the protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Juntendo University Hospital.

Recent Advances in Dialysis Therapy in Japan

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