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1 1 Kuznets wurde in Pinsk geboren, damals Teil des russischen Reiches. Heute ist Pinsk ein Teil von Weißrussland.
2 2 »Political Arithmetic: Simon Kuznets and the Empirical Tradition in Economics«, Kapitel 5: The Scientific Methods of Simon Kuznets, Robert William Fogel, Enid M. Fogel, Mark Guglielmo, Nathaniel Grotte, University of Chicago Press, S. 105, https://www.nber.org/system/files/chapters/c12917/c12917.pdf.
3 3 Ein direktes Zitat aus Kuznets' Autobiographie für das Nobelpreiskomitee. The Nobel Prize, »Simon Kuznets Biographical«, 1971 https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/1971/kuznets/biographical/.
4 4 »GDP: A brief history«, Elizabeth Dickinson, Foreign Policy, January 2011 https://foreign-policy.com/2011/01/03/gdp-a-brief-history/.
5 5 Ibidem.
6 6 »Beyond GDP: Economists Search for New Definition of Well-Being«, Der Spiegel, September 2009, https://www.spiegel.de/international/business/beyond-gdp-economists-search-for-new-definition-of-well-being-a-650532.html.
7 7 Telefoninterview mit Diane Coyle von Peter Vanham, 18. August 2019.
8 8 Gemessen in konstanten 2010 US-Dollar.
9 9 Weltbank, BIP-Wachstum (jährlich %), 1961–2018, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG.
10 10 »What's a Global Recession«, Bob Davis, The Wall Street Journal, April 2009 https://blogs.wsj.com/economics/2009/04/22/whats-a-global-recession/.
11 11 United States Census Bureau, International Data Base, September 2018, https://www.census.gov/data-tools/demo/idb/informationGateway.php.
12 12 »World Economic Outlook«, Internationaler Währungsfonds, Stand: Juli 2019, https:// www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2019/07/18/WEOupdateJuly2019.
13 13 »World Economic Outlook«, Internationaler Währungsfonds, April 2019, Anhang A https://www.imf.org/~/media/Files/Publications/WEO/2019/April/English/text.ashx?la=en.
14 14 Dies betrifft das BIP-Wachstum auf Basis von Marktwechselkursen (siehe entsprechende Zeile in der in den Fußnoten 11 und 12 zitierten Tabelle).
15 15 »World Bank Country and Lending Groups«, World Bank https://datahelpdesk.world-bank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups.
16 16 »The Great Emerging-Market Growth Story is Unravelling«, The Financial Times, Juni 2019 https://www.ft.com/content/ad11f624-8b8c-11e9-a1c1-51bf8f989972.
17 17 Siehe die obige IWF-Schätzung für 2019. Für die IIF-Schätzung von Q1 2020, siehe https://www.iif.com/Portals/0/Files/content/Research/Global%20Debt%20Monitor_July2020.pdf.
18 18 »Coronavirus Lifts Government Debt to WWII Levels-Cutting It Won’t Be Easy«, The Wall Street Journal, August 2020, https://www.wsj.com/articles/coronavirus-lifts-government-debt-to-wwii-levelscutting-it-wont-be-easy-11598191201.
19 19 »Resolving Global Debt«: An Urgent Collective Action Cause«, Geoffrey Okamoto, erster stellvertretender geschäftsführender Direktor des IWF, Oktober 2020, https://www.imf.org/en/News/ Artikel/2020/10/01/sp100120-resolving-global-debt-an-urgent-collective-action-cause.
20 20 »Gross Debt Position, % of GDP«, Fiscal Monitor, Internationaler Währungsfonds, April 2020, https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/G_XWDG_G01_GDP_PT@FM/ADVEC/FM_EMG/FM_LIDC.
21 21 »Inflation Rate, Average Consumer Prices, Annual Percent Change, Advanced Economies«, World Economic Outlook, Internationaler Währungsfonds, April 2020, https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PCPIPCH@WEO/ADVEC/OEMDC.
22 22 Internationaler Währungsfonds, DataMapper, https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/ GGXWDG_NGDP@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD.
23 23 »Youth Dividend or Ticking Time Bomb?« Africa Renewal, UN, 2017, https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/special-edition-youth-2017/youth-dividend-or-ticking-time-bomb.
24 24 »EMYouth Bulge:A Demographic Dividend or Time Bomb?« Jonathan Wheatley, Financial Times, Mai 2013, https://www.ft.com/content/f08db252-6e84-371d-980a-30ab41650ff2.
25 25 National Institute of Population and Social Security Research, Japan, http://www.ipss.go.jp/pp-zenkoku/e/zenkoku_e2017/pp_zenkoku2017e_gaiyou.html#e_zenkoku_II.
26 26 »Gross Debt Position,% of GDP«, Fiscal Monitor, International Monetary Fund, April 2020, https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/G_XWDG_G01_GDP_PT@FM/ADVEC/ FM_EMG/FM_LIDC.
27 27 Ibidem.
28 28 »U.S. Central Bank Cuts Interest Rate for 1st Time since 2008«, CBC, Juli 2019, https:// www.cbc.ca/news/business/federal-reserve-interest-rate-decision-1.5231891.
29 29 »United States Fed Funds Rate, 1971–2020«, Trading Economics, https://tradingeconomics.com/united-states/interest-rate.
30 30 Diese Praxis ist in vielen öl- und gasproduzierenden Ländern wie dem Iran, Russland, Saudi-Arabien, Irak, den VAE, Libyen und Kuwait, aber auch in anderen Schwellenländern wie China, Indonesien, Mexiko und Ägypten üblich. Siehe: »Energy Subsidies,Tracking the Impact of FossilFuel Subsidies«, IEA, https://www.iea.org/topics/energy-subsidies.
31 31 »Public Spending on Health: A Closer Look at Global Trends«, Weltgesundheitsorganisation, https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/276728/WHO-HIS-HGF-HF-Working Paper-18.3-eng.pdf?ua=1.
32 32 »Global Infrastructure Outlook«, Global Infrastructure Hub, https://outlook.gihub.org/.
33 33 »We'll Live to 100—How Can We Afford It?« Weltwirtschaftsforum, http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_White_Paper_We_Will_Live_to_100.pdf.
34 34 »Labor Productivity and Costs«, Bureau of Labor Statistics, https://www.bls.gov/lpc/ prodybar.htm.
35 35 »Decoupling of Wages from Productivity«, OECD, Economic Outlook, November 2018, https://www.oecd.org/economy/outlook/Decoupling-of-wages-from-productivity-november-2018-OECD-economic-outlook-chapter.pdf.
36 36 »Some Notes on the Scientific Methods of Simon Kuznets«, Robert Fogel, National Bureau of Economic Research, Dezember 1987, https://www.nber.org/papers/w2461.pdf
37 37 »Global Inequality is Declining—Largely Thanks to China and India«, Zsolt Darvas, Bruegel Institute, April 2018, https://bruegel.org/2018/04/global-income-inequality-is-declining-largely-thanks-to-china-and-india/.
38 38 »Upper-Middle-Income Countries«, Weltbank, https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/ knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups.
39 39 »China Lifts 740 Million Rural Poor Out of Poverty Since 1978«, Xinhua, September 2018, http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/201809/03/c_137441670.htm.
40 40 »Minneapolis Fed«, Income and Wealth Inequality in America, 1949–2016, https://www. minneapolisfed.org/institute/working-papers-institute/iwp9.pdf.
41 41 »Piketty's Inequality Story in Six Charts«, John Cassidy, The New Yorker, März 2014, https://www.newyorker.com/news/john-cassidy/pikettys-inequality-story-in-six-charts.
42 42 »World Inequality Report, 2018«, https://wir2018.wid.world/files/download/wir2018-summary-english.pdf.
43 43 The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class, Guy Standing, 2011, https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/the-precariat-9781849664561/.
44 44 Interview mit Kalle Lasn von Peter Vanham, Vancouver, Kanada, März 2012.
45 45 »World Inequality Report, 2018«, https://wir2018.wid.world/files/download/wir2018-summary-english.pdf.
46 46 »How Unequal Is Europe? Evidence from Distributional National Accounts, 1980–2017«, Thomas Blanchet, Lucas Chancel, Amory Gethin, World Economic Database, April 2019, https://wid.world/document/bcg2019-full-paper/.
47 47 EU income inequality decline: Views from an income shares perspective, Zsolt Darvas, Bruegel Institute, 2018, https://www.bruegel.org/2018/07/eu-income-inequality-decline-views-from-an-income-shares-perspective/.
48 48 »Wealth Inequality in the United States since 1913: Evidence from Capitalized Income Tax Data«, Emmanuel Saez and Gabriel Zucman, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Mai 2016, http://gabriel-zucman.eu/files/SaezZucman2016QJE.pdf.
49 49 »Share of Total Income going to the Top 1% since 1900, Within-Country Inequality in Rich Countries«, Our World in Data, Oktober 2016, https://ourworldindata.org/income-inequality.
50 50 »How America's 1% Came to Dominate Equity Ownership«, Robin Wigglesworth, Financial Times, Februar 2020, https://www.ft.com/content/2501e154-4789-11ea-aeb3-955839e06441.
51 51 Es ist dennoch interessant festzustellen, wie Branko Milanovic es getan hat, dass, obwohl die Vermögensungleichheit – vor allem durch Aktienbesitz bedingt – groß ist und wächst, es keine echte »kapitalistische« Klasse mehr gibt, wie Karl Marx im 19. Jahrhundert behauptete. Vermögende Haushalte beziehen zwar einen großen Teil ihres Vermögens aus »Kapital«, aber nicht alles: Tatsächlich arbeiten die meisten »Vermögenden« auch für ihren Lebensunterhalt und haben oft gut bezahlte Positionen in der Finanz-, Rechts- oder Medizinbranche.
52 52 »The American Economy Is Rigged«, Joseph Stiglitz, Scientific American, November 2018, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-american-economy-is-rigged/.
53 53 »Mortality and Morbidity in the 21st Century«, Anne Case and Angus Deaton, Brookings Institute, März 2017, https://www.brookings.edu/bpea-articles/mortality-and-morbidity-in-the-21st-century/.
54 54 »Deaths of Despair, Once an American Phenomenon, Now Haunt Britain«, The Economist, Mai 2019, https://www.economist.com/britain/2019/05/16/deaths-of-despair-once-an-american-phenomenon-now-haunt-britain.
55 55 2Variation in COVID-19 Hospitalizations and Deaths Across New York City Boroughs«, Journal of the American Medical Association, April 2020, https://jamanetwork.com/journals/ jama/fullarticle/2765524.
56 56 »Total Public and Primary Private Health Insurance«, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=HEALTH_ STAT.
57 57 »Global Social Mobility Index 2020: Why Economies Benefit from Fixing Inequality«, World Economic Forum, Januar 2020, https://www.weforum.org/reports/global-social-mobility-index-2020-why-economies-benefit-from-fixing-inequality.
58 58 »Fair Progress? Economic Mobility across Generations around the World, 2018«, The World Bank, https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/publication/fair-progress-economic-mobility-across-generations-around-the-world.
59 59 Ibidem.
60 60 »Some Notes on the Scientific Methods of Simon Kuznets«, Robert Fogel, NBER, Dezember 1987, https://www.nber.org/papers/w2461.pdf.
61 61 Diese beiden Sätze sind aus »The World Economic Forum, A Partner in Shaping History, The First 40 Years, 1971–2010« adaptiert http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_First-40Years_Book_2010.pdf.
62 62 The Limits to Growth, S. 51, http://www.donellameadows.org/wp-content/userfiles/Lim-its-to-Growth-digital-scan-version.pdf.
63 63 Ibidem, S. 53.
64 64 Ibidem, S. 71.
65 65 »Earth Overshoot Day«, Global Footprint Network, https://www.overshootday.org/newsroom/press-release-july-2019-english/.
66 66 »Delayed Earth Overshoot Day Points to Opportunities to Build Future in Harmony with Our Finite Planet«, Global Footprint Network, August 2020, https://www.overshootday.org/newsroom/press-release-august-2020-english/.
67 67 »Statistical Review of World Energy 2019, Primary Energy«, BP, https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/primary-energy.html.
68 68 »Fossil Fuels, Fossil Fuels in Electricity Production«, Our World in Data, https://ourworldindata.org/fossil-fuels.
69 69 »Statistical Review of World Energy 2019, Primary Energy«, BP, https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/primary-energy.html.
70 70 »Global Resources Outlook 2019«, http://www.resourcepanel.org/reports/global-resources-outlook.
71 71 »Water Scarcity«, UN Water, 2018, https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/scarcity/.
72 72 Ibidem.
73 73 Weltwirtschaftsforum, 2016 https://www.weforum.org/press/2016/01/more-plastic-than-fish-in-the-ocean-by-2050-report-offers-blueprint-for-change/.
74 74 »22 of World's 30 Most Polluted Cities are in India, Greenpeace Says«, The Guardian, March 2019.
75 75 AirVisual https://www.airvisual.com/world-most-polluted-cities.
76 76 »Soil Pollution: A Hidden Reality«, Rodríguez-Eugenio, N., McLaughlin, M., and Pennock, D., FAO, 2018, http://www.fao.org/3/I9183EN/i9183en.pdf.
77 77 »Extinctions Increasing at Unprecedented Pace, UN Study Warns«, Financial Times, Mai 2019, https://www.ft.com/content/a7a54680-6f28-11e9-bf5c-6eeb837566c5.
78 78 Ibidem.
79 79 UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2018, https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/ uploads/sites/2/2018/07/sr15_headline_statements.pdf.
80 80 »New Climate Predictions Assess Global Temperatures in Coming Five Years«, World Meteorological Organization, Juli 2020, https://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/ new-climate-predictions-assess-global-temperatures-coming-five-years.
81 81 »Here Comes the Bad Season: July 2019 Is Likely to Be the Hottest Month Ever Measured«, The Atlantic, https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2019/07/july-2019-shaping-be-warmest-month-ever/594229/.
82 82 Telebasel, Sich entleerende Gletschertasche lässt Bach in Zermatt hochgehen, https:// telebasel.ch/2019/06/11/erneut-ein-rekordheisser-hochsommer-verzeichnet/.
83 83 »Migration, Climate Change and the Environment, A Complex Nexus«, UN Migration Agency IOM, https://www.iom.int/complex-nexus#estimates.
84 84 Ibidem.
85 85 »Burning Planet: Climate Fires and Political Flame Wars Rage«, World Economic Forum, Januar 2020, https://www.weforum.org/press/2020/01/burning-planet-climate-fires-and-political-flame-wars-rage.
86 86 »Our house is still on fire and you're fuelling the flames«, World Economic Forum Agenda, Januar 2020, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/01/greta-speech-our-house-is-still-on-fire-davos-2020/.

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