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Whether in noun or verb form, the term “audit” is historically associated with regulatory compliance determination(s), and more recently, in the MS space, it is associated determining conformance to a standard such as ISO 45001 or ANSI Z10. This term is also associated performance assessment, monitoring, and measurement, by some. As addressed earlier, it is common for OHSMS standards to have internal auditing requirements. Internal auditing is a familiar activity in organizations, and in larger organizations, it is common to have a dedicated internal audit function. OH&S functions are as well familiar with auditing, primarily from regulatory compliance perspective.

TABLE 2 The eight‐step process of successful change.

Set the stage

1. Create a sense of urgency

Help others see the need for change and the importance of acting immediately

2. Pull together the guiding team

Make sure that there is a powerful group guiding the change – one with leadership skills, credibility, communications ability, authority, analytical skills, and a sense of urgency

Decide what to do

3. Developing the change vision and strategy

Clarify how the future will be different from the past, and how you can make that future a reality

Make it happen

4. Communicate for understanding and buy in

Make sure as many others as possible understand and accept the vision and strategy

5. Empower others to act

Remove as many barriers as possible so that those who want to make the vision a reality can do so

6. Produce short‐term wins

Create some visible, unambiguous successes as soon as possible

7. Don't let up

Press harder and faster after the first successes. Be relentless with initiating change after change until the vision is a reality

Make it stick

8. Create a new culture

Hold on to the new ways of behaving, and make sure they succeed, until they become strong enough to replace old traditions

It is important that industrial hygienists and OH&S professionals performing management system audits have training in this type of auditing since it requires an expanded skillset beyond traditional compliance auditing. For example, there is greater emphasis on conducting interviews and interpretation of documents that require the auditor to make assessments and judgments that go beyond simply following a checklist or doing air sampling.

Audit guidelines unique to ISO 9001:1987 were first published in 1990 and 1991 and focused on auditing quality systems. ISO published guidelines for auditing EMS in 1996 when it also published ISO 14001. In 2002, ISO consolidated its quality and environmental audit documents into a consolidated auditing standard (ISO 19011). This standard has subsequently been revised in 2011 and 2018. Industrial hygienists and OH&S professionals can use ISO 19011:2018 (68) to support OHSMS auditing activities.