Читать книгу Latin Phrase-Book - Auden Henry William - Страница 2

1. The World – Creation

rerum or mundi universitas– the universe.

rerum natura or simply natura– creation; nature.

haec omnia, quae videmus– the visible world.

totius mundi convenientia et consensus– the perfect harmony of the universe.

deus mundum aedificavit, fabricatus est, effecit (not creavit)1– God made the world.

deus est mundi procreator (not creator), aedificator, fabricator, opifex rerum– God is the Creator of the world.

elementa; initia or principia rerum– the elements.

elementa et tamquam semina rerum– the elements and first beginnings.

nutus et pondus or simply nutus (ῥοπή) – gravity.

2. The Earth and its Surface

orbis terrae, terrarum 2– the earth; the globe

(terra) continens (B. G. 5. 8. 2) – the continent.

terra (regio) mediterranea– an inland region; the interior.

interior Asia; interiora Asiae– the interior of Asia.

sinus urbis (Sall. Cat. 52. 35) – the heart of the city.

in ipsam or intimam Graeciam penetrare– to penetrate into the heart of Greece.

terra effert (more rarely fert,3 but not profert) fruges– the earth brings forth fruit, crops.

terra fundit fruges– the earth brings forth fruit abundantly.

animata (animalia) inanimaque (not inanimata) – animate and inanimate nature.

ea, quae terra gignit– the vegetable kingdom.

ea, quae e terra gignuntur– the vegetable kingdom.

ea, quae a terra stirpibus continentur– the vegetable kingdom.

ea quorum stirpes terra continentur (N. D. 2. 10. 26) – the vegetable kingdom.

arbores stirpesque, herbae stirpesque (De Fin. 5. 11. 33) – the vegetable kingdom.

radices agere (De Off. 2. 12. 73) – to take root.

gemmas agere– to bud, blossom.

gemmae proveniunt– the trees are budding.

arbores frondescunt– the trees are coming into leaf.

rami late diffunduntur– the twigs are shooting out, spreading.

montes vestiti silvis– wooded hills.

summus mons– the top of a mountain.

culmina Alpium– the summits of the Alps.

sub radicibus montis, in infimo monte, sub monte– at the foot of the mountain.

superare Alpes, Pyrenaeum, Apenninum 4(both always in the sing.) – to cross the Alps, Pyrenees, Apennines.

altissimis montibus undique contineri– to be shut in on all sides by very high mountains.

prospectus est ad aliquid– one has a view over…; one is able to see as far as…

collis leniter ab infimo acclivis (opp. leniter a summo declivis) – a gentle ascent.

ad extremum tumulum– on the edge of the hill.

loca edita, superiora– heights, high ground.

loca aspera et montuosa (Planc. 9. 22) – rough and hilly ground.

loca plana or simply plana– level country; plains.

saxa praerupta– steep rocks.

loca inculta– uncultivated districts.

loca deserta (opp. frequentia) – deserts.

loca amoena, amoenitas locorum– pleasant districts; charming surroundings.

3. Water – Rivers – Sea

summa aqua– the surface of the water.

ex aqua exstare– to stand out of the water.

aqua est umbilīco tenus– the water reaches to the waist.

aqua pectus aequat, superat– the water is up to, is above, the chest.

(se) ex aqua emergere 5– to come to the surface.

aquam ex flumine derivare– to draw off water from a river.

aquam ducere per hortum– to bring a stream of water through the garden.

aquae ductus (plur. aquarum ductus)6– a conduit; an aqueduct.

agros irrigare– to irrigate fields.

aqua viva, profluens (opp. stagnum) – running water.

aqua iugis, perennis– a perpetual spring.

frigidā, calidā lavari (Plin. Ep. 3. 5. 11) – to take a cold, warm, bath.

aquae, aquarum inops– ill-watered.

fluctuare or fluctuari– driven by the waves.

fluctibus iactari– tossed hither and thither by the waves.

fluctibus (undis) obrui,7submergi– to be engulfed.

gurgitibus hauriri– to be drowned in the eddies.

flumen citatum fertur– the rivers flows with a rapid current.

flumen imbribus auctum– a river swollen by the rain.

flumen super ripas effunditur– the river is over its banks, is in flood.

flumen extra ripas diffluit– the river is over its banks, is in flood.

flumen agros inundat 8– the river floods the fields.

flumen vado transire– to wade across, to ford a river.

flumine secundo– with the stream; downstream.

flumine adverso– against the stream; upstream.

Rhenus oritur or profluit ex Alpibus– the Rhine rises in the Alps.

accessus et recessus aestuum– ebb and flow (of tide).

decessus aestus– the ebb.

aestus maritimi mutuo accedentes et recedentes (N. D. 2. 53. 132) – the alternation of tides.

aestus ex alto se incitat (B. G. 3.12) – the tide is coming in.

aestu rursus minuente– when the tide begins to go down.

mare ventorum vi agitatur et turbatur– there is a storm at sea.

mare medium or internum9– the Mediterranean Sea.

4. Fire

ignem facere, accendere– to light, make a fire.

ignem tectis inferre, subicere– to set fire to houses.

ignem concipere, comprehendere– to take fire.

ignem excitare (pro Mur. 25. 51) – to make up, stir up a fire.

ignem alere– to keep up a fire.

accendere, incendere aedificia– to set buildings on fire.

inflammare urbem– to set fire to a city.

flammis corripi– to be devoured by the flames.

incendio flagrare, or simply conflagrare, ardere (Liv. 30. 7) – to be on fire, in flames.

incendio deleri, absūmi– to be burned to ashes.

igni cremari, necari– to perish in the flames.

ignem conclamare– to raise an alarm of fire.

ventus ignem distulit (B. G. 5. 43) – the wind spread the conflagration.

5. Air – Sky – Climate – Heavenly Bodies

aer terrae circumiectus or circumfusus– the atmosphere.

aer qui est terrae proximus– the atmosphere.

suspicere 10 (in) caelum– to raise the eyes to heaven; to look up to the sky.

oculos tollere, attollere ad caelum– to raise the eyes to heaven; to look up to the sky.

sub divo– in the open air.

orbis finiens (Div. 2. 44. 92) – the horizon.

caelum or natura caeli– climate.

caelum salūbre, salubritas caeli (opp. grave, gravitas) – healthy climate.

caeli temperatio– temperate climate.

aer calore et frigore temperatus– temperate climate.

caeli asperitas– rough climate.

caeli varietas– variable climate.

caelestia– (1) the heavenly bodies, (2) celestial phenomena.

sol oritur, occidit– the sun rises, sets.

ortus, occasus solis– sunrise; sunset.

sol 11(luna) deficit, obscuratur– the sun, moon, is eclipsed.

solis defectio– an eclipse of the sun.

luna crescit; decrescit, senescit– the moon waxes, wanes.

motus stellarum constantes et rati– the regular courses of the stars.

cursum conficere in caelo– to run its course in the sky.

caelum astris distinctum et ornatum– the star-lit sky; the firmament.

nox sideribus illustris– a star-light night.

stellae errantes, vagae– the planets.

stellae inerrantes (N. D. 2. 21. 54) – the fixed stars.

sidera certis locis infixa– the fixed stars.

orbis lacteus– the milky way.

orbis signifer– the zodiac.

vertex caeli, axis caeli, cardo caeli– the pole.

orbis, pars (terrae), cingulus– a zone.

orbis medius– the temperate zone.

6. Natural Phenomena

vocis imago, or simply imago12– an echo.

saxa voci respondent or resonant– the rocks re-echo.

ventus remittit (opp. increbrescit) – the wind is falling.

ventus cadit, cessat– the wind dies down, ceases.

ventis secundis, adversis uti– to have favourable, contrary, winds.

ventus se vertit in Africum– the wind is turning to the south-west.

tempestas cooritur– a storm is rising.

imber tenet (Liv. 23. 44. 6) – the rain continues.

imbres repente effusi– a sudden shower.

tempestatem idoneam, bonam nancisci– to meet with good weather.

calor se frangit (opp. increscit) – the heat is abating.

sol ardet, urit– the sun burns, scorches.

ardore solis torreri– to be dried up by the sun's heat.

tanta vis frigoris insecuta est, ut– the frost set in so severely that…

frigore (gelu) rigere, torpere– to be numb with cold.

frigore confici– to freeze to death.

aestus et frigoris patientem esse– to be able to bear heat and cold.

tempestas cum magno fragore (caeli) tonitribusque (Liv. 1. 16) – a storm accompanied by heavy claps of thunder.

caelum tonitru contremit– the heavens are shaken by the thunder.

fulmina 13 micant– the lightning flashes.

fulmen locum tetigit– the lightning has struck somewhere.

fulmine tangi, ici– to be struck by lightning.

de caelo tangi, percuti– to be struck by lightning.

fulmine ictus– struck by lightning.

eruptiones ignium Aetnaeorum– an eruption of Etna.

Vesuvius evomit (more strongly eructat) ignes– Vesuvius is discharging flame.

venti ab ortu solis flant– the east winds are blowing.

1

Creare is usually employed in the sense of producing, originating, causing, e.g. similitudo creat errorem; periculum alicui creare. It has, however, occasionally the meaning to create, e.g. De Fin. rerum quas creat natura.

2

To the Romans orbis terrarum (more rarely orbis terrae) meant all those countries which made up the Roman Empire.

3

ferre is also used metaphorically, to produce, e.g. haec aetas perfectum oratorem tulit (Brut. 12. 45).

4

But Pyrenaei montes, saltus occur (B. G. 1. 1. 7; B.C. 1. 37. 1).

5

Also used metaphorically, e.g. (se) emergere ex malis (Nep. Att. 11. 1) to recover from misfortune. So emergere e fluctibus servitutis (Harusp. Resp. 23. 48).

6

aquae ductio = the action, process of drawing off the water; canalis = the water-pipe, channel, conduit.

7

So metaphorically, aere alieno obrutum esse, to be over head and ears in debt; nomen alicuius obruere perpetua oblivione, to drown a person's name in oblivion.

8

Inundation = eluvio, not inundatio which is post-classical.

9

The Romans called it mare nostrum (B.G. 5.1). Similarly mare Oceanus (B. G. 3. 7), the Atlantic; mare superum, the Adriatic (Att. 8. 16. 1); mare inferum, the Etruscan Sea (Att. 8. 3. 5).

10

suspicere is also used figuratively, to look up to, esteem, honour, e.g. viros, honores. Similarly despicere.

11

For an account of an eclipse vid. Liv. 44. 37.

12

Also metaphorically, e.g. gloria virtuti resonat tamquam imago (Tusc. 3. 3), glory is as it were the echo of virtue.

13

Used sometimes figuratively, e.g. fulmen verborum, fulmina eloquentiae, fulmina fortunae (Tusc. 2. 27), fulmina imperii (Balb. 15. 34).