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Reflux Esophagitis

•Squamous epithelium

•Columnar metaplasia

•Barrett’s esophagus = Adeno-carcinoma

•Rat-tailed lower esophagus

Achalasia

•Lower esophageal sphincter

•Difficult swallowing

•Lack of ganglions in Myenteric plexus

Esophageal Varices

•Nodular hepatomegaly

•Increased alkaline phosphatase

•Increased ALT and AST

•Upper GI hemorrhage

•Cirrhosis

•Portal hypertension

Mallory-Weiss Tears

•Upper GI hemorrhage

•Alcoholism

•Prolonged vomiting

Menetrier’s Disease

•Giant gastritis

•Gastric rugal hypertrophy

•Protein wasting

Gastric Adenocarcinoma

•Japanese population

•Men 50+, blood group A

•Linitis plastica

Krukenberg’s Tumor

•Bilateral ovarian metastasis

•Gastric carcinoma

•Signet-ring cells

Yersinia

•Bubonic plague

•Gastroenteritis

•Mesenteric adenitis

Vibrio Cholera

•Rice water stool

•Increased GI Pumping of Cl- and water

Giardia Lamblia

•Duodenum

•Intestinal malabsorption

Cryptosporidiosis

•AIDS

•Colitis, gastroenteritis

•Intestinal malabsorption

Celiac Disease

•Cereals

•Blunting of small intestinal villi

•B-cell lymphoma

•Growth retardation

•Gluten sensitivity

Amebiasis

•Large bowel, cecum

•Flask-shaped ulcers

•Brain-liver abscesses

Pseudomembraneous Colitis

•Due to antimicrobials

•Clostridium difficile

Ulcerative Colitis

•Young adults

•Large bowel

•Crypts abscess

•Pseudopolyps

•Mucosal/submucosal inflammation

Crohn’s Disease

•Jewish young adults (20-30)

•Granulomas

•Transmural inflammation

•Cobblestones

•String sign

•Fistulas

Villous Adenoma

•Cauliflower shape

•Rectum

•Protein losing enteropathy

Tubular Adenoma

•Colonal lesions

•Most common

•Small and pedunculated

Adenocarcinoma

•Iron deficiency anemia

•Apple-core lesions

•CEA elevation in serum

Meckel’s Diverticulum

•Vitelline duct remnant

•Intussusception and volvulus

•Distal small intestine

Colonal Carcinoma

•Men 60-70

•Adenocarcinoma

•CEA antigen

Hirschsprung’s Disease

•Congenital megacolon

•Lack of ganglion cells (Meissner and Auerbach)

•No meconium

•Colonic dilatation proximal to aganglionic segment

Familial Polyposis

•100% risk of malignant transformation

•Autosomal dominance