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Pituitary Hyperfunctions

•Prolactinoma ⇔ Chromophobic cells; Amenorrhea, galactorrhea

•Somatotropic adenoma ⇔ Acidophilic adenoma; Gigantism; acromegaly

•Corticotropic adenoma ⇔ Basophilic, ACTH, Cushing’s

•Antidiuretic Hyperfunction ⇔ ectopic lung carcinoma

Pituitary Hypofunction

•Simmond’s Disease ⇔ Panhypopituitarism; wasting

•Sheehan’s ⇔ Postpartum ischemic necrosis

•Growth hormone ⇔ Dwarfism

•TSH ⇔ Secondary hypothyroidism

•ADH ⇔ Diabetes insipidus

Thyroid

•Hypothyroidism ⇔ Cretinism and myxedema

•Hashimoto’s thyroiditis ⇔ Autoimmune, Lymphocytic infiltration, anti-thyroglobulin antibodies; Hypothyroid

•Plummer’s Syndrome ⇔ Colloid accumulation, Hyperthyroidism with no exophthalmia

•Thyroglossal Duct Cyst ⇔ Common Congenital

Grave’s Disease

•Toxic goiter

•Exophthalmia

•HLA-DR3, HLA-B8

•Thyroid Stimulating Immunoglobulin (TSI)

•Thyroid Growth Immunoglobulin (TGI)

Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

•Ground-glass nuclei

•Psammoma bodies

Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma

•Capsule invasion

•Vessel invasion

•Vascular metastasis (poor prognosis)

Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma

•Calcitonin

•Associated with MEN IIa and IIb

•Amyloid stroma

Primary Hyperparathyroidism

•Increased alkaline phosphatase

•Osteitis fibrosa

•Cystic-brown bone tumor

•Hypercalcemia

•Hypophosphatemia

•Increased PTH

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

•Chronic Renal Disease

•Hypocalcemia

•Osteoclastic bone disease

•Increased PTH

•Hyperphosphatemia

Pseudohypoparathyroidism

•Autosomal recessive

•Short finger and stature

•Unresponsiveness to PTH

Hypoparathyroidism

•Surgical accident (Thyroidectomy)

•DiGeorge’s Syndrome

•Tetany and hypocalcemia, seizures

•Chvostek and Trousseau signs

•Low calcium, high phosphate

•Low PTH

Cushing’s Syndrome

•Hypercortism (Adrenal)

•High ACTH activity

•Adrenal cortical adenoma

•Adrenal carcinoma

•Zona fasciculata

•Hypokalemia, glucosuria

Primary Adrenocortical Deficiency

•Addison’s

•Autoimmune atrophy

•TB, infections

•Hypotension

•Pigmentation

•Decreased serum Na+

•High serum K+

Pheochromocytoma

•Adrenal Medullary tumor

•Chromaffin cells

•Episodic Hypertension

•Increased urinary catecholamines

Neuroblastoma

•Homer Wright rosettes

•Spontaneous differentiation to ganglioneuroma

•Childhood

•N-myc oncogene

Diabetes Mellitus

See also pancreas/liver

•TYPE I ⇔ Ketoacidosis, young, HLA DR3 and DR4

•TYPE II ⇔ less ketoacidosis, older, obese, neuropathy

Insulinoma

•β-Cell tumor

•Whipple’s Triad

•Increased circulatory pre-insulin

Gastrinoma

•Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome

•Hypergastrinemia

Glucagonoma

•Secondary diabetes mellitus

•Necrolytic migratory erythema

VIPoma

•AKA. Werner-Morrison Syndrome

•Pancreatic tumor

•Elevated vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)

•Watery diarrhea

•Hypokalemia

•Achlorhydria

•Dehydration

Men Syndromes

•Type I ⇔ Wermer’s Syndrome; Zollinger-Ellison, adrenal cortex, pituitary, parathyroid, pancreas

•Type IIa ⇔ Sipple’s Syndrome; hyperparathyroidism, Pheochromocytoma

•Type IIb (MEN III) ⇔ Pheochromocytoma, adrenal medulla, thyroid medulla