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Autoimmune Liver Disease
Читать книгу Autoimmune Liver Disease - Группа авторов - Страница 1
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Страница 1
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Autoimmune Liver Disease Management and Clinical Practice
Страница 8
Preface
Contributors
Abbreviations
Introduction The Paradigm and Paradox of Liver Autoimmunity
Страница 13
1 Introduction to the Physiology, Immunology and Pathology of the Liver and Biliary Tree
Abstract
Key Points
Liver Cell Types and Organization
Hepatic Metabolism
Bilirubin Metabolism and Transport
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Lipid Metabolism
Protein Metabolism
Metabolic Zonation
Hepatic Transport Systems
Basolateral (Sinusoidal) Transporters
Apical (Canalicular) Transporters
Drug Metabolism
Bile Formation, Secretion and the Enterohepatic Circulation
Bile Acid Synthesis and Metabolism
Enterohepatic Bile Acid Circulation
Death and Regeneration of Hepatocytes Cell Death
Liver Regeneration
Cholangiocyte Reaction to Biliary Damage
Protective Role of Biliary HCO
3
−
Secretion
Cholangiocytes and Immunity
Biochemical Markers and Patterns of Hepatic Injury
Hepatocellular Necrosis
Cholestasis
References
2 Concepts of Autoimmunity Relevant to Autoimmune Liver Diseases
Abstract
Key Points
Introduction
Role of Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Autoimmunity in the Context of the Liver as an Immune Organ Overview
Innate Immunity
Liver as an Innate Immune Organ
Adaptive Immunity and Adaptive Immune Functions of the Liver
Role of the Liver as an Adaptive Immune Organ
Generation and Maintenance of Tolerance to Self‐antigens Overview
Central Tolerance
Central T‐cell Tolerance
Central B‐cell Tolerance
Peripheral Tolerance
T‐ and B‐cell Clonal Anergy
T‐cell Mediated Immune Regulation
Natural and Inducible T Regulatory Cells
Peripheral B‐cell Regulatory Mechanisms
Regulatory Dendritic Cells
Immunoregulatory Interplay Between Treg and Th17 Cells
Risk Factors for Autoimmune Diseases Genetics Complex Genetic and Monogenic Diseases
HLA Risk Alleles
Non‐HLA Gene Associations
Critical Role of Epigenetics Transcription Factor Enhancers and Super Enhancers
MicroRNAs
Sex and Sex Hormones
Vitamin D and Sunlight Exposure
Loss of Immune Tolerance to Autoantigens and Perpetuation of Autoimmune Diseases Overview
Role of the Microbiome
Mechanisms of Loss of Tolerance to Autoantigens Bacterial and Viral Infections
Molecular Mimicry of Autoantigens
Neoantigens
Failure of Apoptosis to Conceal Autoantigens and Eliminate Autoreactive Cells
Immune Deviation of Activated T Cells
T‐cell Receptor Revision in the Periphery
Perpetuation of Autoimmune Diseases
Epigenetics
Enhancers and Super Enhancers
MicroRNA
Epitope Spreading
Tissue Memory T Cells
Cytokines Promoting Chronic Inflammation and Autoimmunity
IL‐12 Family
IL‐20 Receptor Cytokines
Tertiary Lymphoid Structures and Germinal Centers
Epithelial Cell‐induced Transformation of iTreg to Th17 Cells
Prevention of Autoimmunity and Therapeutic Control of Autoimmune Diseases Overview
Strategies to Prevent Autoimmunity Vitamin D
3
Gut Microbiota Manipulation in Pregnancy and Infancy
Oral Tolerance
Strategies to Treat Established Autoimmune Diseases
Inducible T Regulatory T Cells
Epigenetic Enhancer Regulation
References
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