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Although pistachio breeding programmes exist in several countries (Padulosi and Hadj-Hassan, 1998), the most organized breeding programme is in the USA (Kallsen et al., 2009). The University of California Davis programme has three locations: Davis-Winters, Kearney and Bakersfield (Parfitt et al., 1996; Chao et al., 2003). A detailed description of the programme is given in Chao et al. (1998). The California industry has been almost completely reliant on a single female cultivar, ‘Kerman’, and a pollinating male, ‘Peters’. ‘Kalehghouchi’, ‘Golden Hills’ and ‘Lost Hills’, and the pollinating male ‘Randy’ have demonstrated potential.

Genetics and breeding of P. vera occurs in Iran (Sheibani, 1987; Esmail-Pour, 2001; Zangeneh, 2003; Arefi et al., 2006; Moeinrad, 2006; Tajabadipour et al., 2006; Rahemi and Tavallali, 2007). In Turkey, the breeding potential of different Pistacia spp. genotypes is being studied (Uygur, 1986; Ulusaraç, 1992; Kafkas and Kaşka, 1997; Atlı et al., 2002; Atlı and Kaşka, 2002; Atlı et al., 2004; Ak and Turker, 2006; Kafkas et al., 2006b; Arpaci et al., 2013) at the Pistachio Research Institute. However, these breeding programmes are not well organized and have been discontinued due to loss of funding. In Spain, Italy and Australia, there are small-scale breeding programmes (Maggs, 1982; Kenez, 1995; Barone and Caruso, 1996; Barone et al., 1996; Gijon et al., 2010).