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Several studies have studied diversity at the intraspecific level using RAPDs (Hormaza et al., 1994; Dollo et al., 1995; Barazani et al., 2003; Kafkas et al., 2006b; Baghizadeh et al., 2010; Tagizad et al., 2010; Zografou et al., 2010; Karimi et al., 2012), AFLPs (Kafkas et al., 2006b), RFLPs (Parfitt and Badenes, 1997), inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSRs) (Kafkas et al., 2006b; Fares et al., 2009; Noroozi et al., 2009; Baghizadeh et al., 2010; Tagizad et al., 2010; Zografou et al., 2010) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) (Ahmad et al., 2003; Baghizadeh et al., 2010; Pazouki et al., 2010; Table 2.3.1). Hormaza et al. (1994) demonstrated the geographic distribution of pistachio with RAPD markers; there were two distinct clusters: Mediterranean and Iranian–Caspian. Similarly, Shanjani et al. (2009) also demonstrated these distributions with AFLP markers. RAPD and AFLP markers were used solely or in combination to identify local pistachio germplasm in Turkmenistan (Barazani et al., 2003), Afghanistan (Kafkas et al., 2006a), Syria (Basha et al., 2007), Iran (Shanjani et al., 2009), etc. (Kafkas et al., 2006b). Similarly, RAPD markers were evaluated solely for genetic diversity of southern Spain and northern Africa (Werner et al., 2001), the Mediterranean region (Barazani et al., 2003) or together with AFLP markers for Israeli and Cypriot (Nahum et al., 2008) P. lentiscus populations.

Table 2.3.1. Molecular characterization of Pistacia spp.