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Somatic embryogenesis was first described using tissues from immature fruits as explants (Onay et al., 1995). Details about culture conditions and media composition for somatic embryogenesis are provided in Table 2.3.4. Several factors affect the induction of embryogenic cultures: explant, growth regulators, nutrients, genotype of the mother plant and culture environment.

Table 2.3.4. Somatic embryogenesis studies of Pistacia species.

Induction of embryogenic cultures from mature zygotic embryos (Onay et al., 2007a), immature fruits (Onay et al., 1995), juvenile leaves (Onay and Namlı, 1998), flower buds (Onay et al., 2004b) and mature cotyledons (unpublished results) has been reported, although the procedures have not been optimized. Thidiazuron (TDZ) and BA induce friable embryogenic cultures in explanted tissues from juvenile pistachio trees and female flower buds (Onay et al., 1995; Onay, 1996; Onay and Jeffree, 2000; Onay et al., 2004b; Table 2.3.4). The optimum induction medium is MS with B5 vitamins together with 2.2–4.4 μM BA (Onay et al., 1995), although 4.5–18 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) or its combination with BA has also been reported (Onay et al., 2007a). Subculture on fresh medium with or without BA results in synchronized somatic embryo development (Onay et al., 1995; Onay and Jeffree, 2000). Optimum proliferation of embryogenic cultures is achieved with subcultures at intervals of 2 weeks (liquid medium) or 3–4 weeks (solid medium).

The effect of genotype on induction, maturation, germination and plantlet recovery has been studied (Onay and Jeffree, 2000; Onay et al., 2007a,b). Genotype and collection date had major effects on induction of eight different genotypes (Onay et al., 2007b) and the frequency varied from 7% for ‘Kerman’ to 19% for ‘Uzun’.