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Clinical Pancreatology for Practising Gastroenterologists and Surgeons

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Страница 1 Table of Contents List of Tables List of Illustrations Guide Pages Страница 7Страница 8 Contributors Страница 10Страница 11Страница 12Страница 13 1 Acute Pancreatitis: An Overview Introduction Causes Laboratory Diagnosis Imaging Risk Stratification Classification Treatment Prophylactic Antibiotics Nutrition Post‐discharge Cholecystectomy Long‐term Sequelae References 2 How to Deal with the Etiological Diagnosis of Acute Pancreatitis in Clinical Practice? Introduction Etiological Diagnosis Gallstone‐induced Pancreatitis Microlithiasis Alcoholic Pancreatitis Drug‐induced Pancreatitis Other Etiological Diagnoses of Acute Pancreatitis Hypercalcemia Hypertriglyceridemia Smoking Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Pancreatobiliary Tumors Post‐ERCP Pancreatitis Single and Double Balloon Enteroscopy Congenital Anomalies Pancreas Divisum Anomalous Pancreatobiliary Ductal Union Choledochocele Annular Pancreas Idiopathic Acute Pancreatitis Investigative Work‐up Concluding Remarks References 3 Definition of Complications and Severity of Acute Pancreatitis for Clinical Practice Background The Atlanta Classification 1992 The Revised Atlanta Classification 2012 Definition of Organ Failure and Complications in Acute Pancreatitis Organ Failure Local Complications Acute Peripancreatic Fluid Collection Pancreatic Pseudocyst Acute Necrotic Collection Walled‐off Necrosis Systemic Complications Definition of Severity in Acute Pancreatitis Mild Acute Pancreatitis Moderately Severe Acute Pancreatitis Severe Acute Pancreatitis Limitations of the Revised Atlanta Classification The Determinant‐Based Classification Conclusion References 4 Early Prediction of Severity in Acute Pancreatitis : What can be Done in Clinical Practice? Introduction Available Prediction Tools Volume Deficit Inflammatory Response Host‐related Characteristics Age and Comorbidity Burden Obesity and Hypertriglyceridemia Degree of Parenchymal and Extra‐parenchymal Injury Scoring Systems Limitations and Future of Current Scoring Systems and Predictive Markers Artificial Intelligence and Biomarkers: the Future? References 5 Role of CT Scan in Acute Pancreatitis : When is it Indicated and What Information can be Obtained? CT Imaging in Acute Pancreatitis Confirming the Diagnosis of AP Assessing the Etiology of Acute Pancreatitis Assessing the Prognosis of Acute Pancreatitis Identifying Local Complications Associated with Acute Pancreatitis Pancreatic Necrosis and Peripancreatic Fluid Collections Vascular Complications Other Complications Timing of CT in Acute Pancreatitis Limitations of CT Imaging Conclusion Disclosures References 6 Role of MRI in Acute Pancreatitis : When is it Indicated and What Information can be Obtained? Introduction MRI and MRCP Protocol for Pancreas Examination Interstitial Edematous Pancreatitis Necrotizing Pancreatitis Complications of Acute Pancreatitis Fluid Collections Acute Peripancreatic Fluid Collection Acute Necrotic Collection Pseudocyst Walled‐off Necrosis Vascular Complications References 7 Treatment of Acute Pancreatitis in The Emergency Room : What Should be Done During the First Hours of Disease? Introduction Early Diagnosis in the Emergency Room Initial Work‐up for Etiology Severity Assessment, Triage, and Disposition Specialty Consultation Management First‐line Medical Management: Fluid Resuscitation Type of Intravenous Fluid to Administer Antibiotics Pain Control Nutrition Summary References 8 Acute Pancreatitis : A Practical Guideline for the Monitoring and Treatment of Systemic Complications Introduction Acute Pancreatitis and Systemic Complications: Definitions, Importance, and Incidence Monitoring Respiratory Function and Management of Respiratory Failure Shock: Volume Management and Hemodynamic Monitoring Acute Renal Failure: Early Detection and Management Other Systemic Complications Associated with Acute Pancreatitis Hypocalcemia Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Gastrointestinal Bleeding Pancreatic Encephalopathy and Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome Abdominal Compartment Syndrome References 9 Guidelines for the Treatment of Pain in Acute Pancreatitis Introduction Nonsteroidal Anti‐inflammatory Drugs Opioid Analgesics Epidural Analgesia Local Anesthetics Summary References 10 Nutrition in the Acute Phase of Pancreatitis : Why, When, How and How Long? Why When How What to Feed References 11 Oral Refeeding in Acute Pancreatitis : When and How Should it be Restarted? Introduction What is the Optimal Timing of Refeeding in AP? How Should Oral Refeeding be Scheduled? What are the Predictors of Oral Feeding Intolerance in AP Patients? Summary and Recommendations References 12 Pharmacological Therapy for Acute Pancreatitis : Any Light at the End of the Tunnel? Introduction Calcium Toxicity Mitochondrial Dysfunction Autophagy Acinar Cell Secretion, Serine Proteases, and Serine Protein Kinases Immune Cells/Inflammation CFTR Design of Future Clinical Trials Conclusion References 13 Indication and Optimal Timing of ERCP in Acute Pancreatitis Introduction ERCP in the Setting of Acute Biliary Pancreatitis Urgent ERCP Elective ERCP Additional Applications of ERCP in the Setting of Acute Pancreatitis Conclusions Disclosures References 14 How to Deal with Infected Pancreatic Necrosis? Introduction Prevention of Infection of (Peri)pancreatic Necrosis Diagnosis of Infected (Peri)pancreatic Necrosis How to Deal with Infected (Peri)pancreatic Necrosis Systemic Antibiotics Endoscopic or Percutaneous Drainage Endoscopic or Laparoscopic Necrosectomy References 15 Minimally Invasive Surgical Necrosectomy in Clinical Practice : Indications, Technical Issues, and Optimal Timing Introduction Percutaneous Drainage Sinus Tract Endoscopy Endoscopic (Endoluminal) Approach Retroperitoneal Approach Laparoscopic Transperitoneal Approach References Note 16 Endoscopic Necrosectomy in Clinical Practice : Indications, Technical Issues, and Optimal Timing Introduction Management of Symptomatic Pseudocysts Management of Symptomatic Walled‐off Necrosis Indications and Timing for Intervention Choosing the Best Interventional Option: the Step‐up Approach Methods of Endoscopic Necrosectomy and Stent Choice Conclusion References 17 Management of Acute Pancreatic Pseudocyst : When to Observe, When and How to Drain? Introduction Evaluation Drainage Therapy Disconnected Pancreatic Duct Syndrome Complications Conclusion References {buyButton}

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