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4.3.2 Tobacco Smoking

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Tobacco smoking is highly addictive due to nicotine dependence and is considered to be one of the leading cause of several types of cancers and premature deaths. The nicotine content of tobacco triggers the neural reward pathway reinforcing its dependence and addiction [38]. Tobacco smoke elicits skin aging in two ways. First, the tobacco smoke gets absorbed on the exposed skin depositing numerous toxic compounds. These compounds act as ROS stressors elevating the oxidative stress in skin cells. Such conditions will enhance skin wrinkles via mechanisms already mentioned in previous sections. Recurrent skin exposure to tobacco smoke causes irreversible damage to the skin’s texture and its regenerative ability [39]. Second, the inhaled smoke can enhance the expression of MMPs, disturbing the extracellular matrix components. The toxic compounds present in tobacco smoke also increase the plasma neutrophil elastase activity, causing the degradation of elastin fibers from the extracellular matrix. Additionally, tobacco smoke can significantly downregulate TGF‐β1 receptor causing the subsequent reduction in procollagen gene expression [40].

Bioprospecting of Microorganism-Based Industrial Molecules

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