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Preface

Nanovaccinology as Targeted Therapeutics explores recent breakthroughs in the exciting new field of micro- and nanofabricated engineered nanomaterials. In addition to spectroscopic characterizations, significant topics for interdisciplinary research, especially in the fields of nanogels, which deal with polymer chemistry, nanotechnology, materials science, pharmaceuticals, and medicine are explored, where their small dimensions prove highly advantageous. Nanovaccinology could potentially revolutionize conventional therapy and diagnostic methods due to its superior effectiveness over its macro-sized counterparts in almost all biomedical areas. Strong interest in this novel class of material has driven many studies to discover biogenic production methods and new areas of potential utilization in this area. Therefore, it is important to keep abreast of the development of these biomedical research aspects highlighted in the 19 chapters of this book written in diverse fields of studies, and their emerging applications utilized in next-generation techniques.

The last few decades have witnessed progress being made in the treatment of chronic human diseases via precise site-specific drug delivery. Infectious diseases are the leading cause of deaths worldwide, having a significant impact on public health and the socioeconomic development of the human population. The serious threat to public health and safety posed by the rapid development of drug resistance by pathogens to currently available therapies, as well as the significant side effects that result from their prolonged treatment, are reviewed throughout this book. In addition, trends and future prospects of tools utilized in nanomedicine and nanovaccinology research for targeted drug delivery are explored as well.

In Chapter 1, a special emphasis is given to the investigations exploring recent achievements of polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, emulsions, and carbon-based nanomaterials in vaccine delivery systems. The biocompatibility, toxicity, and stability of nanotechnology-based vaccine delivery systems are also discussed. Chapter 2 discusses novel biomedical therapy approaches to nanomedicine and nanovaccine drug delivery tools, which, although relatively new, are transforming biomedical research at a rapid pace. They are critical platforms for controlled delivery of therapeutic drugs to the targeted sites. Chapter 3 is a unique attempt to analyze the possibilities of producing nanovaccines against notorious superbugs that pose a serious threat to humans, as many of the currently available antibiotics are not effective in treating the diseases they cause. Nanotoxoids, liposomes, VLPs, OMVs, etc., are included in some of the approaches to get biomimetic nanovaccines. Their advantages and limitations when compared to traditional vaccines are progressively illustrated.

Chapter 4 highlights the fact that nanotechnology has accelerated the evolution of newer vaccines that are safe and highly effective in eradicating SARS-CoV2. Simultaneously, nanovaccines have recently been developed in which new drugs can be accommodated through nanoparticle carriers. The similar nanosize of the nano-scaled materials and pathogens ensures optimal trigger response of the immune system, resulting in satisfactory cellular and humoral immunity responses. Targeted delivery of nanoparticles results in enhanced antibody response, improved stability coupled with longer duration drug release and prolonged immunogenic memory. Chapter 5 looks at the usefulness of nanovaccines for treatment of the deadliest diseases, including cancer, tumors, bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases, and autoimmune diseases. Moreover, it also provides information about the importance of nanoscience in the invention of various safe, potent, stable, inert and biocompatible drug discoveries.

Chapter 6 focuses on the current preclinical and clinical trials in nanoimaging and nanovaccines that are applicable to cancer immunotherapy. The recent advances in anti-cancer nanovaccines using nanocarriers constitute a delivery breakthrough expected to play a vital role in improving the stability and immunogenicity of antigens. Chapter 7 demonstrates a novel way of using nanoscale 2C4N crystals against diabetes, fungal, and inflammatory diseases, and for drug analysis with optimization; and gives the order of the lattice with ORTEP. Chapter 8 illustrates the ways in which the presence of aniline in a compound enhances antidiabetic, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory activity, which is a novel trend in recent work for nanocrystalline specimen with an IC50 value of 43 nm.

Chapter 9 denotes the recent use of macro- and nanoscale crystals of BGLBMH mainly as a novel antidiabetic agent as well as antioxidant utility with its monoclinic, P2₁/c form of system with band gap of 3.139 eV. Chapter 10 focuses on the organic, crystalline N2MNM4MBH efficacy at a macro/nano-level for drug use in alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase enzymes against diabetes. Chapter 11 discusses the use of ZnO nanoparticles from Mangifera indica as ZnO-MIZN for E. coli, S. typhi and S. aureus inhibition zones in mm and for novel biouse as antibiotic and antidiabetic agents. Chapter 12 discusses the novel use of 2F5NA crystals in nanotube production, and antidiabetic, antifungal, anti-inflammatory interactive lattice with HF/B3LYP.

Chapter 13 discusses the use of 2-Amino-4-methylpyridinium 4-hydroxybenzoate (AMPHB) crystalline macro- and nano-scaling for nanotube generation as well as device fabrication, and as an antidiabetic, antifungal and anti-inflammatory therapeutic. Chapter 14 describes a crystalline sample of CPDMDP with base monoclinic system used for computational interaction that acts as a novel base for antidiabetic and antioxidant vaccine, with the presence of pyrazole. Chapter 15 discusses the novel modus operandi of preparing a 4M2NA crystalline sample by evaporation for an antidiabetic–insulin response and an antifungal, anti-inflammation effect with proper optimization. Chapter 16 discusses the use of Mangifera indica–AgO-MIZN of 43 nm used as a vaccine/drug for cancer and bacterial and fungal infections.

Chapter 17 discusses the recently surfaced nanotechnology used to resolve vaccine failures that mainly arise as a result of weak immunogenicity of vaccines, in-vivo instability, the need for multiple jabs, and toxicity. Liposomes, emulsions, polymeric nanoparticles, and graphene oxide nanosheets are some examples of nanovaccines. The chapter more or less summarizes the hopes as well as the gaps that need to be filled in order to achieve the targeted proposals. Chapter 18 implies that the old vaccine strategy fundamentally involves the method of utilizing either inactivated (killed) or live attenuated antigens. Live attenuated vaccines for clinical disease arise from mutated/same genotypes, while nanoparticles with higher surface properties enable them to strengthen the immune system and immunological response. Finally, Chapter 19 comprehensively covers the evolution of nanovaccines and their morphology, carriers used, formulation as well as characterization, and the role of nanovaccines in immunotherapy, with an emphasis on recent advances.

Though development of nanovaccines is still in the infancy stage, with only a few in the early phases of clinical trials, we firmly believe this new generation of vaccines has great potential for the prevention and treatment of many diseases. The information provided in this book further highlights some of the improvements in this span of work, focusing on the factors that limit nanovaccines’ efficiency in optimization. Remarkable strategies to employ assemblies of the various biogenic schemes of nanovaccines are also illustrated in this book. Thus, it may become clear to all readers that vaccinology‐enabled renewable energy technologies are starting to scale up dramatically. As it matures and becomes more cost-effective in the decades to come, bio-nanotechnology could eventually replace the traditional, environmentally unfriendly biomaterials and improve the performance of the biogenic industry through utilization of nanomedicine to manufacture nontoxic, highly durable materials that are cost-effective. To aid in this discovery process, this book provides an overview of key current developments that will direct future research attempts towards utilization of such tailored nanovaccinology that will play an essential role in achieving the desired goal of cheap and efficient vaccine production.

This book also covers the hottest topics based on nanovaccinology applications in the field of therapeutics and nanodetectors as per biomedical applications. It is enhanced by the welcomed contributions of biotechnologists, nanotechnologists, biochemists, medical biologists, pharmacists, materials scientists as well as academicians and research scholars. There is every indication that with appropriate liability and regulation along-side the topics, commercial production of manufactured novel composite materials can be realized. Furthermore, the diverse brilliant innovations and explorations highlighted throughout the entire book can modulate spectroscopic performances with technical excellence in the inter- and cross-multidisciplinary research of high competence.

Lastly, I would like to express my overwhelming gratitude to all the authors and co-authors for their excellent research contributions to this book. I also wish to thank the entire team at Wiley-Scrivener for their consistent support during even the most difficult stages of its publication. I am confident that within a short period of time the eBook series will be very popular in university and institute libraries worldwide, and hopefully will be highly cited in coming years.

Dr. Kaushik Pal May 2022