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The biomolecular materials have a number of advantages that make them attractive candidates for synthetic vaccine preparation. They are biologically inspired systems that are built on the basis of biomolecules. Biomolecular materials benefit from transporting a range of carriers and displaying diverse moieties on their surfaces [19]. Although a number of biomolecular NPs have been investigated, liposomes, virus-like particles (VLPs), micelles, and immunestimulating complexes (ISCOMs) (Figure 1.4) are the four most widely used materials for vaccine applications [60].

Figure 1.4 A schematic illustration of various NPs that have been used as vaccinations [60]. Reproduced (adapted) from [60]. Copyright 2013, Frontiers.