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Polymeric NPs can be made by polymerizing monomeric units or by using synthesized polymers. The customizable qualities, size, composition, and surface properties of these NPs make them appealing in the medical industry because they allow for regulated release and drug molecule protection [37]. Poly (lactic acid) (PLA), poly (glutamic acid) (PGA), PLGA, and chitosan are the most frequently used polymeric NPs for vaccine formulation [19]. The chemical structure of polymeric NPs is designed to behave differently in different environments to control the release rate. The function and uses of other polymeric NPs vary substantially depending on the inherent chemical and biological effects in distinct materials [38]. PLGA is a biodegradable and biocompatible polymer that can undergo in vivo hydrolysis [39] and encapsulate and release different biomolecules over time [40–42]. Under physiological conditions, these NPs may incorporate antigens and inhibit their destruction for one month, which is crucial for vaccination [43]. Furthermore, PLGA NPs promote antigen processing and display to susceptible cells by promoting antigen uptake by APCs [44]. Other NPs, chitosan, and N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide/N-isopropyl acrylamide were also investigated as vaccines preparation [45–47]. Chitosan is a favorable and promising polymer for DNA vaccine formulation because of its cationic character, which allows attachment to the DNA, generating DNA–polymer interactions that protect DNA from enzyme hydrolysis. It is indeed extremely hydrophobic, inactive, and non-immunogenic, with bio adhesive properties that facilitate mucosal vaccination techniques. Chitosan has been further discovered to have natural adjuvant properties, stimulating dendritic cell maturation to enhance T helper 1 (Th1) responses [48]. Over the years, multiple developments have resulted from chitosan-based NPs delivery technology, including a therapeutic potential anti-tumor papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine [49], treatment methods for influenza A [50], highly contagious myocarditis [51], and some livestock diseases such as Newcastle disease (ND) virus [52, 53] and Noda virus [54]. Polymeric NPs have biocompatibility, antigen encapsulation and stability, regulated release of antigens, cellular retention in APCs, microbe characteristics, and delivery feasibility [55–57]. As the research advancements of polymer science continue, vaccine technologies will develop accordingly.