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1.4.9 Emulsions

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Nano-sized emulsions are another type of NPs used as an adjuvant in vaccinations [99–101]. These NPs can be found with sizes ranging from 50 to 600 nm. It can either contain antigens in their core for optimal vaccination administration or be combined with the antigen [101]. MF59TM, an oil-in-water emulsion, which has been approved as a safe and effective vaccine adjuvant [102, 103], is one of the most regularly used emulsions. It has been undergone extensive research for application in influenza vaccines [103–105]. Another example is Montanide that has been used in Malaria vaccines [106, 107] and vaccines for foot-and-mouth disease [108]. Noncovalent click self-assembly has been used to produce a tailorable nanosized emulsion platform technology for antigen and medication delivery [109].

Nanovaccinology as Targeted Therapeutics

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