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Inorganic NPs have sparked a lot of interest in vaccine formulation because of their simplicity in drug loading and bioactivity properties. Furthermore, their thermochemical stability makes sterilization easier [58]. Inorganic materials are relatively nontoxic and can be manufactured in a variety of sizes, forms, and dimensions. Gold (Au) NPs are a popular inorganic nanomaterial used in vaccine delivery because of decreasing toxicity, increasing immunogenic activity, and providing vaccine storage stability [59]. Another extensively investigated composition for vaccine delivery is carbon NPs [60] which has good biocompatibility [61, 62]. Protein and peptide antigens can be coupled on CNTs for delivery, which has increased IgG response levels [62–65]. Mesoporous carbon NPs have been studied for use as an adjuvant in vaccinations [62]. Silica is another promising material for nanovaccinology because of its biocompatibility and having excellent properties as nanocarriers. Silica NPs’ size and form can be altered selectively to regulate their cellular interaction [66]. Many silanol groups on surface are advantageous for introducing additional functionalities, such as cell recognition, biomolecule absorption, improved cell contact, and cellular uptake [67–69]. It is revealed that DNA vaccine incorporated into SiO₂-layered double hydroxide induces antibody response as well as boosts T-cell multiplication and pushes T helper (Th1) cells toward Th1 activation [70]. Superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs (SPIONs) is another inorganic material for nanovaccinology. SPION-based vaccine delivery system is modified to improve the stability of vector and APC targeting ability to ensure prolonged exposure in the target area [71]. Other nanomaterials have been used as vaccine delivery vectors and adjuvants, including silver (Ag) NPs and calcium phosphate NPs [71, 72].