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1.4.4 Liposome

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Liposomes are sphere NPs comprised of lipid layers [73] which are formed when lipids with a hydrophilic part and a hydrophobic part combine in water. Liposomes can encapsulate a variety of medications and be utilized for regulated delivery for their substantial therapeutic uses [74]. There has been a lot of research done on liposomes and their vaccine potential. Liposomes have the advantage of being able to be modified to obtain desired immunostimulatory effects. A unique nanovaccine system targets inflammatory cells and increases innate immunity to T cells against a mimic antigen created by modifying liposomes to have lectin binding mannose on their surface and trapping monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) adjuvant [75]. While liposomes have been used to administer vaccines against various infections, one particularly intriguing application is tuberculosis prophylaxis, a fatal disease [76]. Virosomes have been used in clinical trials for a number of preventive purposes, including tetanus and hepatitis B vaccinations [77]. It is recently shown that virosomal immunizations could be programmed to selectively activate T lymphocytes, improving immunization protection against influenza infection [78].

Nanovaccinology as Targeted Therapeutics

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