Читать книгу Английский язык для экономистов. Основы экономического английского - - Страница 14

Anna and Mark are sitting in the library after a lecture on market failure.

Anna: Mark, what exactly is market failure?

Mark: Market failure occurs when the market does not allocate resources efficiently, and as a result, the outcome is not socially optimal.

Anna: Can you give an example?

Mark: Sure. Pollution is a classic example. Firms may produce goods without paying for the environmental damage, which harms society.

Anna: What else causes market failure?

Mark: Public goods, like street lighting, can cause market failure because they are non-excludable and non-rival, so private markets may not provide them. Externalities, monopolies, and information asymmetry are also causes.

Anna: How can the government help?

Mark: Governments can intervene with taxes, subsidies, regulations, or providing public goods directly.

Anna: I see. So market failure shows that sometimes markets alone cannot ensure efficient outcomes.

Mark: Exactly. Understanding market failure helps policymakers correct inefficiencies.

Полезные фразы и выражения

market failure – рыночная неэффективность

resources – ресурсы

efficient allocation – эффективное распределение

socially optimal – социально оптимальный

externalities – внешние эффекты

public goods – общественные товары

monopoly – монополия

information asymmetry – информационная асимметрия

government intervention – вмешательство государства

taxes – налоги

subsidies – субсидии

regulations – регулирование

to allocate resources – распределять ресурсы

to correct inefficiencies – исправлять неэффективность

Упражнения

1. Matching

Соотнеси английские слова с их переводом.

A

market failure

externalities

monopoly

information asymmetry

government intervention

B

a. монополия

b. рыночная неэффективность

c. внешние эффекты

d. вмешательство государства

e. информационная асимметрия

2. Fill in the blanks

Заполни пропуски словами из списка: (taxes, public goods, resources, subsidies, efficient allocation)

Market failure occurs when __________ are not used effectively.

Governments can provide __________ directly if the market does not.

To correct market failure, governments may impose __________.

Governments can offer __________ to encourage certain production or consumption.

The goal is to achieve __________ of resources.

3. Translation

A. Translate into English:

Рыночная неэффективность возникает, когда ресурсы распределяются неэффективно.

Внешние эффекты могут причинять вред обществу.

Государство может вмешиваться через налоги и субсидии.

B. Translate into Russian:

Market failure shows that markets alone cannot always ensure socially optimal outcomes.

Monopolies and information asymmetry are causes of market failure.

4. Speaking Practice (Dialog)

Работай в паре.

Student A: Ask what market failure means.

Student B: Explain that it occurs when the market does not allocate resources efficiently.

Student A: Ask for examples.

Student B: Explain examples like pollution, public goods, monopolies, externalities, and information asymmetry.

Student A: Ask how the government can help.

Student B: Explain taxes, subsidies, regulations, and providing public goods.

Пример диалога:

Student A: Hi! What is market failure?

Student B: Market failure occurs when the market does not allocate resources efficiently, so the outcome is not socially optimal.

Student A: Can you give examples?

Student B: Pollution, public goods, monopolies, externalities, and information asymmetry are common causes.

Student A: How can the government help?

Student B: Governments can impose taxes, provide subsidies, set regulations, or supply public goods directly.

Ответы к упражнениям

1. Matching

1 – b

2 – c

3 – a

4 – e

5 – d

2. Fill in the blanks

resources

public goods

taxes

subsidies

efficient allocation

3. Translation

A.

Market failure occurs when resources are not used effectively.

Externalities can harm society.

Governments can intervene through taxes and subsidies.

B.

Рыночная неэффективность показывает, что рынки сами не всегда могут обеспечить социально оптимальные результаты.

Монополии и информационная асимметрия – причины рыночной неэффективности.