Читать книгу Английский язык для экономистов. Основы экономического английского - - Страница 15
Externalities
ОглавлениеAnna and Mark are sitting in the park discussing externalities.
Anna: Mark, I heard the term «externalities» in class. What does it mean?
Mark: Externalities are costs or benefits of economic activities that affect third parties, who are not directly involved in the activity.
Anna: Can you give an example of a negative externality?
Mark: Sure. Pollution is a classic negative externality. A factory may produce goods, but the smoke harms nearby residents.
Anna: And a positive externality?
Mark: Education is a good example. If you study and get an education, society benefits because you contribute more to the economy.
Anna: How can governments reduce negative externalities?
Mark: Through taxes, regulations, or fines.
Anna: And encourage positive externalities?
Mark: Governments can provide subsidies or support programs to increase beneficial activities.
Anna: I see. So externalities show that private decisions can have wider social effects.
Mark: Exactly! Understanding externalities helps policymakers improve social welfare.
Полезные фразы и выражения
externalities – внешние эффекты
negative externalities – негативные внешние эффекты
positive externalities – положительные внешние эффекты
third parties – третьи лица
costs – издержки
benefits – выгоды
pollution – загрязнение
education – образование
taxes – налоги
subsidies – субсидии
regulations – регулирование
social welfare – социальное благосостояние
economic activity – экономическая деятельность
to affect others – влиять на других
Упражнения
1. Matching
Соотнеси английские слова с их переводом.
A
externalities
negative externalities
positive externalities
third parties
social welfare
B
a. третьи лица
b. социальное благосостояние
c. внешние эффекты
d. положительные внешние эффекты
e. негативные внешние эффекты
2. Fill in the blanks
Заполни пропуски словами из списка: (pollution, subsidies, benefits, taxes, education)
__________ is an example of a negative externality.
Governments can encourage positive externalities, like __________, by offering support.
Positive externalities provide additional __________ to society.
To reduce negative externalities, governments can impose __________.
Subsidies are used to promote beneficial economic activities such as __________.
3. Translation
A. Translate into English:
Внешние эффекты – это последствия экономической деятельности, влияющие на третьих лиц.
Загрязнение – это негативный внешний эффект.
Государство может стимулировать положительные внешние эффекты через субсидии.
B. Translate into Russian:
Externalities show that private actions can have wider social effects.
Understanding externalities helps improve social welfare.
4. Speaking Practice (Dialog)
Работай в паре.
Student A: Ask what externalities mean.
Student B: Explain that they are costs or benefits of economic activities affecting third parties.
Student A: Ask for examples of negative and positive externalities.
Student B: Give examples like pollution (negative) and education (positive).
Student A: Ask how the government can address externalities.
Student B: Explain taxes, subsidies, and regulations.
Пример диалога:
Student A: Hi! What are externalities?
Student B: Externalities are costs or benefits of economic activities that affect third parties.
Student A: Can you give examples?
Student B: Pollution is a negative externality, and education is a positive externality.
Student A: How can the government deal with them?
Student B: Governments can impose taxes and regulations to reduce negative externalities and provide subsidies to encourage positive ones.
Ответы к упражнениям
1. Matching
1 – c
2 – e
3 – d
4 – a
5 – b
2. Fill in the blanks
Pollution
education
benefits
taxes
education
3. Translation
A.
Externalities are costs or benefits of economic activities affecting third parties.
Pollution is a negative externality.
Governments can encourage positive externalities through subsidies.
B.
Внешние эффекты показывают, что частные действия могут оказывать более широкое влияние на общество.
Понимание внешних эффектов помогает улучшить социальное благосостояние.