Читать книгу Английский язык для экономистов. Основы экономического английского - - Страница 17

Anna and Mark are sitting in the library discussing government policies.

Anna: Mark, can you explain what taxes and subsidies are?

Mark: Sure! Taxes are compulsory payments to the government, usually on income, goods, or services. They are used to fund public goods and government activities.

Anna: And subsidies?

Mark: Subsidies are financial support from the government to encourage production or consumption of certain goods. They make goods cheaper for consumers or profitable for producers.

Anna: How do taxes affect the market?

Mark: Taxes increase the cost of goods or reduce consumers’ income, which usually decreases demand.

Anna: And subsidies?

Mark: Subsidies reduce costs for producers or prices for consumers, which usually increases supply or demand.

Anna: So taxes and subsidies are tools for government intervention.

Mark: Exactly! They help correct market failures and achieve social goals.

Полезные фразы и выражения

taxes – налоги

subsidies – субсидии

government intervention – вмешательство государства

public goods – общественные товары

financial support – финансовая поддержка

production – производство

consumption – потребление

demand – спрос

supply – предложение

market failure – рыночная неэффективность

social goals – социальные цели

to encourage – поощрять, стимулировать

to reduce costs – снижать издержки

to increase supply – увеличивать предложение

Упражнения

1. Matching

Соотнеси английские слова с их переводом.

A

taxes

subsidies

government intervention

supply

demand

B

a. спрос

b. субсидии

c. предложение

d. налоги

e. вмешательство государства

2. Fill in the blanks

Заполни пропуски словами из списка: (decrease, production, financial support, cheaper, increase)

Taxes usually __________ consumers’ demand for goods.

Subsidies provide __________ to producers or consumers.

Subsidies make goods __________ for consumers.

Taxes can reduce __________ of goods.

Subsidies usually __________ supply or demand.

3. Translation

A. Translate into English:

Налоги увеличивают стоимость товаров или уменьшают доход потребителей.

Субсидии поощряют производство или потребление определённых товаров.

Правительство использует налоги и субсидии для исправления рыночной неэффективности.

B. Translate into Russian:

Taxes and subsidies are tools of government intervention.

Subsidies help make goods more affordable and production more profitable.

4. Speaking Practice (Dialog)

Работай в паре.

Student A: Ask what taxes and subsidies are.

Student B: Explain that taxes are compulsory payments to the government and subsidies are financial support to encourage production or consumption.

Student A: Ask how taxes affect the market.

Student B: Explain that taxes reduce demand or increase costs.

Student A: Ask how subsidies affect the market.

Student B: Explain that subsidies reduce costs, increase supply, or increase demand.

Пример диалога:

Student A: Hi! What are taxes and subsidies?

Student B: Taxes are compulsory payments to the government. Subsidies are financial support to encourage production or consumption of certain goods.

Student A: How do taxes affect the market?

Student B: Taxes usually reduce demand or increase the cost of goods.

Student A: And subsidies?

Student B: Subsidies reduce costs for producers or consumers, which usually increases supply or demand.

Ответы к упражнениям

1. Matching

1 – d

2 – b

3 – e

4 – c

5 – a

2. Fill in the blanks

decrease

financial support

cheaper

production

increase

3. Translation

A.

Taxes increase the cost of goods or reduce consumers’ income.

Subsidies encourage production or consumption of certain goods.

The government uses taxes and subsidies to correct market failure.

B.

Налоги и субсидии – это инструменты вмешательства государства.

Субсидии помогают сделать товары более доступными и производство более прибыльным.