Читать книгу Английский язык для экономистов. Основы экономического английского - - Страница 8

Anna and Mark are sitting in the university library after their lecture on economic systems.

Anna: Mark, today the professor talked about different economic systems. Can you explain what they are?

Mark: Sure! An economic system is the way a society organizes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.

Anna: So it’s about how an economy works?

Mark: Exactly. There are three main types: traditional, command, and market economies. Some countries also have mixed economies.

Anna: Can you explain each one?

Mark: Of course. A traditional economy relies on customs, traditions, and habits. People produce what they need and trade locally.

Anna: And a command economy?

Mark: In a command economy, the government makes most economic decisions, controls resources, and decides what to produce.

Anna: What about a market economy?

Mark: In a market economy, individuals and firms make economic decisions. Prices are determined by supply and demand.

Anna: And mixed economies?

Mark: Mixed economies combine elements of command and market systems. Governments intervene in some areas but leave others to the market.

Anna: I see. Understanding economic systems helps explain why countries make different choices.

Mark: Exactly. Each system has advantages and disadvantages.

Полезные фразы и выражения

economic system – экономическая система

production, distribution, and consumption – производство, распределение и потребление

traditional economy – традиционная экономика

command economy – командная экономика

market economy – рыночная экономика

mixed economy – смешанная экономика

government control – контроль правительства

supply and demand – спрос и предложение

to organize economic activity – организовывать экономическую деятельность

individuals and firms – люди и фирмы

advantages and disadvantages – преимущества и недостатки

to intervene – вмешиваться

economic decisions – экономические решения

Упражнения

1. Matching

Соотнеси английские слова с их переводом.

A

traditional economy

command economy

market economy

mixed economy

economic system

B

a. смешанная экономика

b. командная экономика

c. традиционная экономика

d. экономическая система

e. рыночная экономика

2. Fill in the blanks

Заполни пропуски словами из списка: (traditional, command, market, mixed, government)

A __________ economy relies on customs and traditions.

A __________ economy is controlled mostly by the government.

A __________ economy allows individuals and firms to make decisions.

A __________ economy combines elements of command and market systems.

In a command economy, the __________ makes most economic decisions.

3. Translation

A. Translate into English:

В традиционной экономике люди производят то, что им нужно, и обмениваются товарами.

В рыночной экономике цены определяются спросом и предложением.

Смешанная экономика сочетает элементы командной и рыночной систем.

B. Translate into Russian:

Economic systems organize production, distribution, and consumption.

Each system has advantages and disadvantages.

4. Speaking Practice (Dialog)

Работай в паре.

Student A: Ask what an economic system is.

Student B: Explain that it is the way society organizes production, distribution, and consumption.

Student A: Ask about the different types of economic systems.

Student B: Explain traditional, command, market, and mixed economies with examples.

Пример диалога:

Student A: Hi! What is an economic system?

Student B: An economic system is the way a society organizes production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.

Student A: What types of economic systems exist?

Student B: Traditional, command, market, and mixed economies.

Student A: Can you give examples?

Student B: Sure. A traditional economy relies on customs, a command economy is controlled by the government, a market economy is guided by supply and demand, and a mixed economy combines government intervention with market freedom.

Ответы к упражнениям

1. Matching

1 – c

2 – b

3 – e

4 – a

5 – d

2. Fill in the blanks

traditional

command

market

mixed

government

3. Translation

A.

In a traditional economy, people produce what they need and trade goods.

In a market economy, prices are determined by supply and demand.

A mixed economy combines elements of command and market systems.

B.

Экономические системы организуют производство, распределение и потребление.

Каждая система имеет свои преимущества и недостатки.