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Anna and Mark are sitting in the park after a lecture on public goods.

Anna: Mark, can you explain what public goods are?

Mark: Sure! Public goods are goods that are non-rival and non-excludable. This means that one person’s use does not reduce availability for others, and no one can be prevented from using them.

Anna: Can you give an example?

Mark: Street lighting, national defense, and clean air are classic examples.

Anna: How are public goods different from private goods?

Mark: Private goods are rival and excludable. If one person consumes them, another cannot, and producers can restrict access.

Anna: Why do public goods cause problems in the market?

Mark: Because of the «free rider» problem. People may benefit without paying, so private markets may not provide enough of these goods.

Anna: How can the government help?

Mark: Governments provide public goods directly or fund them with taxes.

Полезные фразы и выражения

public goods – общественные товары

private goods – частные товары

non-rival – неконкурентный

non-excludable – не исключаемый

rival – конкурентный

excludable – исключаемый

free rider problem – проблема безбилетника

to provide – предоставлять

to fund – финансировать

government intervention – вмешательство государства

street lighting – уличное освещение

national defense – национальная оборона

clean air – чистый воздух

market failure – рыночная неэффективность

Упражнения

1. Matching

Соотнеси английские слова с их переводом.

A

public goods

private goods

non-rival

non-excludable

free rider problem

B

a. неконкурентный

b. частные товары

c. проблема безбилетника

d. не исключаемый

e. общественные товары

2. Fill in the blanks

Заполни пропуски словами из списка: (street lighting, national defense, taxes, private goods, clean air)

__________ and national defense are examples of public goods.

One person’s use of a public good does not reduce its availability, like __________.

Governments often fund public goods through __________.

__________ are rival and excludable, unlike public goods.

Environmental protection ensures that everyone has access to __________.

3. Translation

A. Translate into English:

Общественные товары не являются конкурентными и не исключаемыми.

Проблема безбилетника возникает, когда люди пользуются благами, не платя за них.

Государство финансирует общественные товары через налоги.

B. Translate into Russian:

Street lighting is a classic example of a public good.

Private goods can be restricted to certain consumers.

4. Speaking Practice (Dialog)

Работай в паре.

Student A: Ask what public goods are.

Student B: Explain that they are non-rival and non-excludable.

Student A: Ask for examples.

Student B: Give examples like street lighting, national defense, and clean air.

Student A: Ask why markets may not provide public goods.

Student B: Explain the free rider problem and government intervention.

Пример диалога:

Student A: Hi! What are public goods?

Student B: Public goods are non-rival and non-excludable, meaning one person’s use does not reduce availability for others, and no one can be excluded.

Student A: Can you give examples?

Student B: Street lighting, national defense, and clean air.

Student A: Why don’t private markets provide enough of them?

Student B: Because of the free rider problem. People may benefit without paying, so the government often provides them or funds them through taxes.

Ответы к упражнениям

1. Matching

1 – e

2 – b

3 – a

4 – d

5 – c

2. Fill in the blanks

Street lighting

street lighting

taxes

Private goods

clean air

3. Translation

A.

Public goods are non-rival and non-excludable.

The free rider problem occurs when people benefit without paying.

Governments fund public goods through taxes.

B.

Уличное освещение – классический пример общественного товара.

Частные товары могут быть ограничены для определённых потребителей.