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1 Bichenko, Hugh: «Total War», in: Evans, Richard (ed.): Oxford Companion to Military History. Oxford 2001, online edition, np.

2 Ibid.

3 Hew Strachan is an exception: Strachan, Hew: «On Total War and Modern War», International History Review 22 (2000), pp. 341–370.

4 For more: Abbenhuis, Maartje; Tames, Ismee: Global War, Global Catastrophe: Neutrals, Belligerents and the Transformation of the First World War. London forthcoming 2020.

5 Klinkert, Wim: Defending Neutrality: The Netherlands Prepares for War 1900–1925. Leiden 2013, p. 6.

6 Klinkert, Wim: «Van Waterloo tot Uruzgan. De Militaire Identiteit van Nederland», Militaire Spectator 177 (2008), pp. 436–448, here p. 433; Klinkert, Defending, p. 6.

7 The below paragraphs are based on my previous published work: Abbenhuis, Maartje: The Age of Neutrals: Great Power Politics 1815–1914, Cambridge 2014; Abbenhuis, Maartje: «A Most Useful Tool for Diplomacy and Statecraft: Neutrality and the ‹Long› Nineteenth Century, 1815–1914», International History Review 35 (2013), pp. 1–22.

8 Syrjämäki, Sami: Sins of a historian. Perspectives on the problem of anachronism, PhD thesis, University of Tampere 2011.

9 In Scott, James Brown: Proceedings of the International Peace Conference: The Hague, May 18–July 29 1899. New edition, Washington D. C. 1920, p. 137.

10 Segesser, Daniel Marc: «Unlawful War is Uncivilised: The International Debate on the Punishment of War Crimes, 1872–1918», European Review of History 14 (2007), pp. 215–234.

11 For more: Abbenhuis, Maartje; Morrell, Gordon: The Nineteenth-Century World. The First Age of Industrial Globalisation 1815–1918. London forthcoming, 2019.

12 Descamps, Edouard de : La Neutralité de la Belgique au Point de Vue Historique, Diplomatique, Juridique et Politique, Brussels 1902, pp. 39–40.

13 Wels, Cornelis Boudewijn: Aloofness and Neutrality: Studies on Dutch Foreign Policy and Policy-Making Institutions, Utrecht 1982, pp. 60–61.

14 Chadwick, Elizabeth: Traditional Neutrality Revisited: Law, Theory and Case Studies. Leiden 2002, Chapter 3; Fried, Marvin: «The Cornerstone of Balkan Power Projection: Austro-Hungarian War Aims and the Problem of Albanian Neutrality, 1914–1918», Diplomacy & Statecraft 23 (2012), pp. 425–445.

15 Letteval, Rebecka; Somsen, Geert; Widmalm, Sven (ed.): Neutrality in Twentieth-Century Europe: Intersections of Science, Culture and Politics after the First World War. New York 2012.

16 Ibid.

17 Trommler, Frank: «The Lusitania Effect: America’s Mobilization Against Germany in the First World War», German Studies Review 3 (2009), pp. 241–266.

18 In Havighurst, Alfred F.: Radical Journalist: H. W. Massingham (1860–1924), Cambridge 1974, p. 227.

19 Meredith, James Creed: «Perpetual Peace and the Doctrine of Neutrality», International Journal of Ethics 25 (July 1915), pp. 431–447.

20 For more see: Abbenhuis, Maartje: «Not Silent nor Silenced: Neutrality and the First World War», in: Ruiz Sánchez, J.-L.; Olivero, I. C.; Garcia Sanz, C. (ed.): Shaping Neutrality Throughout the First World War, Seville 2016, pp. 17–36.

21 Abbenhuis, Age of Neutrals p. 11.

22 Hertog, Johan de; Kruizinga, Samuël: «Introduction», in: Hertog, Johan de; Kruizinga, Samuël (ed.): Caught in the Middle: Neutrals, Neutrality and the First World War, Amsterdam 2011, pp. 5, 12.

23 Letteval; Somsen; Widmalm (ed.), Neutrality; Gram-Skjoldager, Karen: «The Other End of Neutrality: The First World War, the League of Nations and Danish Neutrality», in: de Hertog; Kruizinga (ed.), Caught, pp. 155–172.

24 Wright, Quincy: «The Present Status of Neutrality», American Journal of International Law 34 (July 1940), pp. 391–415, here p. 391.

25 Oppenheim, Lassa: International Law: A Treatise. Volume 1, London 1912, p. 151.

26 With thanks to David Monger for this essential point.

27 C. f. Wylie, Neville: «The Research of Neutrality: Coming in from the Cold and out of the Shadows» (unpublished) Keynote Address, 2017 Neutrality Conference – Lessons from the Past and Visions for the 21^st Century, Complutense University Madrid, 2017.

28 Mulligan, William: The Great War for Peace, New Haven 2014, p. 4.

29 Ibid., p. 8; Becker, Jean-Jacques: «War Aims and Neutrality», in: Horne, John (ed.): A Companion to World War I, London 2010.

30 Lawrence, T. H.; Carter, Malcolm: «Neutrality and War Zones», Problems of the War 1 (1915), pp. 33–45, here 33.