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The SAGE Encyclopedia of Stem Cell Research

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Страница 1Страница 2Страница 3 The SAGE Encyclopedia of Stem Cell Research Страница 5 List of Articles A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W X Y Z Reader’s Guide Animal Models to Study Stem Cells Cancer Stem Cells Clinical Trials in the United States Clinical Trials Worldwide Cloning Countries Ethics In Vitro Organ Regeneration Industry Institutions Large-Scale Stem Cell Production for Clinical Application Legal Issues Methods to Study Stem Cells Non-Pluripotent, Non-Adult Stem Cells Organizations People Pluripotent Stem Cells Politics Religion Stem Cell Applications Stem Cell Biology U.S. States About the Editors List of Contributors Страница 56 Chronology Страница 58Страница 59Страница 60Страница 61Страница 62Страница 63Страница 64Страница 65Страница 66Страница 67 Adult Stem Cells: Overview Further Readings Страница 70Страница 71 Advocacy Forms of Advocacy Advocacy Practice Advocacy Today Further Readings Страница 77Страница 78Страница 79Страница 80Страница 81 Alzheimer’s Disease Types Stages Pathophysiology Cholinergic Hypothesis Amyloid Hypothesis Tau Hypothesis Alternative Hypotheses Diagnosis Management and Treatment Proposed Disease-Modifying Therapies Further Readings Страница 94Страница 95Страница 96 Animal Cloning Main Fields of Impact of Animal Cloning Technology Policy Issues and Farm Animal Cloning Animal Cloning and Related Ethical Issues Further Readings Страница 102Страница 103Страница 104Страница 105Страница 106 Australia Background Stem Cell Australia Stem Cell Researchers Current Status Further Readings Страница 113Страница 114Страница 115Страница 116Страница 117Страница 118Страница 119Страница 120Страница 121Страница 122Страница 123Страница 124 Bladder: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies Regenerative Medicine Strategies for Treatment of Neurogenic Bladder Regenerative Medicine Strategies Involving Biomaterials Regenerative Medicine Strategies Involving Cells Regenerative Medicine Strategies Using Progenitor and Stem Cells Regenerative Medicine Techniques Using Cells Derived From Cloning Techniques Further Readings Страница 132Страница 133Страница 134 Blood Adult Stem Cell: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells Characteristics of Adult Stem Cells Isolation and Application of Mesenchymal Stem Cells From Bone Marrow Isolation of Marrow Stromal Cells From Murine Bone Marrow Adult Stem Cells in Vascular Regeneration Application of Adult Stem Cell Therapy Further Readings Страница 142 Blood Adult Stem Cell: Development and Regeneration Potential Development of Blood Stem Cells Plasticity of Blood Stem Cells Transplantation of Blood Stem Cells Further Readings Страница 148Страница 149 Blood Adult Stem Cell: Major Pathologies Types and Markers Functions Regenerative potential Differentiation Apoptosis Sources Bone marrow Peripheral blood Umbilical cord/placental blood. Applications of Hematopoietic Stem Cells Leukemia Inherited Anemias Lymphomas Autoimmune Disorders Vascular Conditions Others Conclusion Further Readings Страница 167Страница 168Страница 169Страница 170Страница 171Страница 172 Bone: Major Pathologies Osteoporosis Paget’s Disease Infection: Osteomyelitis Osteogenesis Imperfecta Rickets Osteomalacia Bone-Forming Tumors Acromegaly Bone Fracture Further Readings Страница 184Страница 185Страница 186Страница 187 Brain Cancer Mechanism of Development Causes and Risk Factors Types of Brain Cancer Signs and Symptoms Diagnosis Computed axial tomography (CT): Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS): Electroencephalogram (EEG): Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI): Positron emission tomography (PET) scan: Biopsy: Lumbar puncture: Blood tests and chest X-rays: Treatment Research in Treatment and New Techniques Further Readings Страница 206Страница 207Страница 208Страница 209Страница 210Страница 211 Breast: Major Pathologies Breast and Nipple Anatomy Stem Cells in the Breast Mutations of Stem Cells Cancers of the Breast Other Major Pathologies of the Breast Diagnosis and Treatment Further Readings Страница 220 Breast: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults Methods of Identifying Mammary Stem Cells Transplantation Assays Lineage Tracing Mammary Stem Cells and the Epithelial Differentiation Hierarchy Identification of Adult Mammary Stem Cells (MaSCs) and Luminal Progenitor Cells Potential Role of MaSCs in Breast Cancer Further Readings Страница 229 Breast Cancer Breast Development and Anatomy Types of Breast Cancer Milk ducts Milk-producing lobules Connective tissues Pathological Types of Breast Cancer Cancer cells with unique appearances The degree of difference between the cancer cells and normal cells Breast Cancer and Stem Cells Failure of immune surveillance, the removal of malignant cells throughout one’s life by the immune system Sporadic (nonfamilial) triple-negative breast cancer Statistics and Prognosis of Breast Cancer Breast Cancer and Novel Treatment Options Epithelial growth factor receptor inhibitors Angiogenesis inhibitors PARP inhibitors Src inhibitors Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors Screening for Breast Cancer Treatment Oncoplastic surgery New chemotherapy drugs Targeted therapies Drugs that target HER2 Anti-angiogenesis drugs Other targeted drugs Further Readings Страница 255Страница 256Страница 257 C. elegans Models to Study Stem Cells General Features of C. elegans as a Stem Cell Model Factors That Control the Proliferation and Differentiation of Stem Cells in C. elegans Reprogramming Cell Fate in C. elegans C. elegans as a Model for Cancer Stem Cells Further Readings Страница 264 California Background California Institute for Regenerative Medicine Private Funding Examples of Research Further Readings Страница 271Страница 272Страница 273Страница 274 Cancer Stem Cells: Overview Cancer Cells Arise From Stem Cells What Are Cancer Stem Cells? Research Related to Cancer Stem Cells Isolation of Cancer Stem Cells CD133 (prominin 1) EpCAM (epithelial cell adhesion molecule, ESA, TROP1) CD90 (THY1) CD44 (PGP1) CD24 (HSA) ALDH Cancer Stem Cells and the Novel Treatments Bmi-1: Notch: Sonic Hedgehog and Wnt: Further Readings Страница 291Страница 292 Cartilage, Tendons, and Ligaments: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells Injury or Damage Important Molecular Factors in the Formation of Tendons Sources of Stem Cells for the Treatment of Ligament, Tendon, or Cartilage Damage Isolation of human tendon stem cells Growth and culture of human tendon stem cells Preparation of Human Tendon Stem Cells for In Vivo Implantation Allograft or Autograft The Use of Stem Cells to Treat Cartilage, Tendon, and Ligament Injury in Animals Genetically Modified Stem Cells for Tissue Injury Further Readings Страница 304Страница 305 Cartilage, Tendons, and Ligaments: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies Cartilage Regeneration Tendon Regeneration Ligament Regeneration Clinical Trials Further Readings Страница 312 Cartilage, Tendons, and Ligaments: Major Pathologies Cartilage Osteoarthritis Genetic Abnormalities Relapsing Polychondritis Tumors Tendons Tendinitis Tendinosis Tendon bioengineering Ligaments Inflammation Infection Other diseases Injury or rupture Further Readings Страница 329 Cartilage, Tendons, and Ligaments: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults Cell Type Selection: Mesenchymal Stem Cells Stem Cell Delivery Cartilage Repair With Stem Cells Tendons and Ligaments Current Research Challenges Further Readings Страница 337Страница 338Страница 339Страница 340Страница 341Страница 342 China Further Readings Страница 345 Christianity The Debate The Orthodox View Further Readings Страница 350Страница 351 Clinical Trials, Ethics of The Nuremberg Code The Helsinki Report Calls for the Edinburgh (2000) revision of the Helsinki Report Major changes in the 2000 revision The Belmont Report Conclusion Further Readings Страница 360 Clinical Trials (Adult Cells), Ethics of Origins of Stem Cells Ethical Concerns in Clinical Trials Efficacy of iASC Therapies Safety in iASC Therapies Tumorigenesis Genetic Mutation Infertility Financial Considerations Human Integrity Conclusion Further Readings Страница 373Страница 374Страница 375Страница 376 Clinical Trials, U.S.: Blood Deficiencies Improving Mobilization of Hematopoietic Stem Cells for HSCT Reducing Graft-Versus-Host Disease Using Hematopoietic Stem Cells Enhancing the Recovery of the Immune System After HSCT The Promise of HSCT in Hematologic Malignancies Further Readings Страница 383Страница 384 Clinical Trials, U.S.: Diabetes How Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Are Different Current Treatments for Type 1 Diabetes and Type 2 Diabetes Government Steps in the Implementation of Clinical Trials: Perspective NIDDK: A New Model for Clinical Trial Collaboration TrialNet: A Network Strategy for Type 1 Diabetes Trials New Treatment Pushed Forward by the Pharmaceutical Industry Leaps Forward on the Research Horizon Further Readings Страница 394Страница 395Страница 396 Clinical Trials, U.S.: Heart Disease Clinical Trials of Skeletal Myoblast–SC Treatments for Heart Disease Bone Marrow–SC Treatments for Heart Failure Mesenchymal SC Treatments for Heart Disease Embryonic Stem Cell Treatments for Heart Disease Induced Pluripotent SC Treatments for Heart Disease Cardiac SC and Cardiosphere-Derived Treatments for Heart Disease Future Directions Further Readings Страница 406 Clinical Trials, U.S.: Hematological Cancers Sources of Hematopoietic Stem Cells Clinical Application of Hematopoietic Stem Cells Problems Affecting the Improvement of Old and Development of New Treatments Using Hematopoietic Stem Cells Stages of Clinical Trials Current Therapies for Hematological Cancer in Clinical Trials The use of CD4 lymphocyte infusion to improve outcome after stem cell transplantation in treatment of hematological cancer The use of unrelated donor umbilical cord blood in treatment of patients with hematological cancer Preparative administration of rabbit antithymocyte globulin following transplantation of matched peripheral blood stem cells to optimize donor T-cell engraftment The use of intrabone cord blood transplantation in treating hematological malignancies Application of irradiation to total marrow and lymph node combined with fludarabine and melphalan chemotherapy, and subsequent use of donor stem cells to treat patients with advanced hematological cancer Haploidentical stem cell transplantation in patients with hematological The use of escalating doses of selective inhibitor of nuclear export (KPT-330) in patients with advanced hematological cancers The use of sirolimus, tacrolimus, and thymoglobulin as graft-versus-host prophylaxis in hematological cancer patients undergoing unrelated donor hematopoietic cell transplantation Further Readings Страница 421Страница 422Страница 423 Clinical Trials, U.S.: Multiple Sclerosis Phase I Clinical Trials Phase II Clinical Trials Phase III Clinical Trials Phase IV Clinical Trials Conclusion Further Readings Страница 431Страница 432Страница 433Страница 434Страница 435 Clinical Trials, U.S.: Spinal Cord Injury Further Readings Страница 438 Clinical Trials, U.S.: Stroke Mechanism of Tissue Repair University of Miami Miller School of Medicine University of California University of Pittsburgh and Stanford University University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Northwestern Memorial Hospital Thomas Jefferson University University of Minnesota University Hospitals Case Medical Center Conclusion Further Readings Страница 451Страница 452 Clinical Trials Outside the United States Diabetes Cardiovascular Disease The Nervous System Arthritis Conclusion Further Readings Страница 460Страница 461Страница 462{buyButton}

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